Connection Therapy

88. Improve Mental Health Therapy Interventions by Observing & Assessing Non-Verbal Behaviors

Wed, 08 Apr 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Dr. Brenda Murrow studies, teaches, and practices psychology, and she has a specific interest in how working with animals can inform us about the human experience. Her experiences shape her understanding of why this is possible and why she has come to the perspective that working in animal-assisted therapy environments is not just therapeutic (there is a lot of evidence to confirm this), but also that it can be diagnostic.

In this episode she shares some introductions into how she uses her learnings and experiences in animal-assisted therapy encounters to be able to assess and intervene in in-office therapy environments, so that all practitioners can benefit from these insights.

References:

Bruce Perry, MD, PhD

https://www.bdperry.com/about

Dan Siegel’s “Window of Tolerance”

Dan Siegel, https://drdansiegel.com/

Attend a Course at Connection Therapy:

https://connection-therapy.com/courses-and-events

We Want to Hear Your Feedback! Please Contribute to the Conversation: Share your thoughts on the podcast and how these concepts work in your practice, or ask a question and I’ll answer it in an upcoming episode: https://connection-therapy.com/contact-us

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87. Horse Behaviors & Human Behaviors: A Discussion with Haley Mathews, PATH Intl. CTRI®, Part Two

Wed, 01 Apr 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Brenda and Haley continue their conversation and in this part, they consider applications of the respective information about horse and about humans, and how it can be integrated to support better relationships.

They also explore the differences between interspecies relationships, for example when humans relate to horses vs. when humans relate to dogs each brings out different behaviors from humans.

Listeners will benefit from these perspectives by considering different viewpoints on common interactions that take on new meaning in their discussion.

For More Information about our Guest:

Haley Mathews, PATH Intl. CTRI®

https://www.xenophontrc.org/staff

https://pathintl.org/

Attend a Course at Connection Therapy:

https://connection-therapy.com/courses-and-events

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86. Horse Behaviors & Human Behaviors: A Discussion with Haley Mathews, PATH Intl. CTRI®, Part One

Wed, 25 Mar 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Brenda and Haley met at a Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH), International event, where Haley spoke about the behaviors of horses, and Brenda spoke about the behaviors of humans. After their respective presentations, they realized their discussions were complementary. In this conversation, they review each of their presentations for listeners to be able to similarly hear the complementary presentations horses and humans make.

Practitioners will benefit from learning both of these perspectives in their application to mental health and equine services.

For More Information about our Guest:

Haley Mathews, PATH Intl. CTRI®

https://www.xenophontrc.org/staff

https://pathintl.org/

Attend a Course at Connection Therapy:

https://connection-therapy.com/courses-and-events

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85. Improving Outcomes for Patients by Acknowledging and Encouraging Cooperation

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Learning to relate to other species can make us more aware of relating to our own species. In this spirit, Dr. Murrow reviews some similarities and differences between horses and humans as described by Dr. Janet Jones in her book, Horse Brain: Human Brain: The Neuroscience of Horsemanship.

This episode has insights for mental health therapists and resources for anyone interested in improving their abilities to relate with others.

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References:

Gottman Institute

https://www.gottman.com/blog/how-to-improve-your-relationship-in-24-hours/

Janet Jones, PhD

https://janet-jones.com/

Horse Brain, Human Brain: The Neuroscience of Horsemanship (2020), Trafalgar Square, Vermont, pp. 32-34, and 169-174.

84. Foundational Research Still Useful in the Practice of Emotion-Focused Therapy

Wed, 11 Mar 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Dr. Leslie Greenberg found some helpful insights that are still in use today in the practice of emotion-focused therapy (EFT). In this episode, Brenda reflects on how these early findings can be used in treatment. Whether you are an aspiring practitioner of EFT, or not, there is likely to be some ways these foundational elements can apply to your practice.

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References:

Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2025). Research on emotion-focused therapy and implications for practice. In Learning emotion-focused therapy: A comprehensive guide. 2nd ed. (pp. 21–37). American Psychological Association (pp. 32, 326). https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/0000458-002

83. Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) Part 3 with Ladan Safvati, LMFT

Wed, 04 Mar 2026 02:00:00 -0400

In this final segment of Ladan Safvati’s interview, she describes what an Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) session involves, from what the therapist is tracking to examples of the ways things may unfold. She ties in the concepts presented in the first two parts of the interview to integrate the learning and show how the theories can be applied.

For More Information about our Guest:

Ladan Safvati, LMFT

Director and Founder

Southern California Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy

https://www.eftsocal.com/about-socaleft

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82. Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) Part 2 with Ladan Safvati, LMFT

Wed, 25 Feb 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Connection Therapy’s guest, Ladan Safvati, LMFT, continues to share an introduction of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT). In this episode, she discusses the difference between Emotion and Cognitive Schemas. She explains EFT’s focus on empathy, and provides guidance on the importance of “feeling our own pain” in order that we can be with other’s pain more effectively.

She also provides helpful information such as the process of Following is a form of “being with” our patients; whereas using techniques such as Guiding or Leading are “doing” interventions.

For More Information about our Guest:

Ladan Safvati, LMFT

Director and Founder

Southern California Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy

https://www.eftsocal.com/about-socaleft

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81. Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) with Ladan Safvati, LMFT

Wed, 18 Feb 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Our guest this episode is Ladan Safvati, LMFT. Join us as she shares the history of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) and highlights the theories of emotional change that guide EFT. She also provides a background to the ways EFT addresses and encourages emotion in therapy in service to its tenet that emotion is the way to evoke therapeutic outcomes.

For More Information about our Guest:

Ladan Safvati, LMFT

Director and Founder

Southern California Institute of Emotion Focused Therapy

https://www.eftsocal.com/about-socaleft

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80. The Evidence for Multiple Therapy Modalities

Wed, 11 Feb 2026 02:00:00 -0400

It is a common misunderstanding that there is a lack of evidence for mental health therapy beyond Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). CBT certainly has a significant body of research supporting it, but so too do many other styles of therapy.

This episode reviews a meta-analysis (summary of research) to support mental health clinicians in increasing their confidence about the variety of styles to select from that they can employ to support their clients.

References: 

American Psychological Association 2025 Year in Review

https://www.apa.org/news/science-spotlight/psychological-science

Elliott, R., Watson, J., Timulak, L., & Sharbanee, J. (2021). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies: Updated review. In M. Barkham, W. Lutz, & L. Castonguay (Eds.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (7th ed., pp. 421-467). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated.

79. Carl Rogers’ 1957 Foundational Article and the Implications for Research

Wed, 04 Feb 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Research articles are built on current-day practice and in order to fully understand their implications, it helps to go back to the original sources. This is especially true for some of the original therapy modalities, so that practitioners today can more fully understand the research findings in light of the original intentions.

In this podcast, Carl Rogers’ foundational article about the six conditions for therapeutic personality change is reviewed. This article by Dr. Rogers has been cited 12,000+ times since first publication in 1957, and has significant implications for research, as well as the overall field of psychotherapy.

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References:

Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/h0045357

American Psychological Association (APA) Information:

https://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/carl-r-rogers

78. Resistance to Change Can Instead Be Overwhelming Fear: Strategies to Determine the Difference

Wed, 28 Jan 2026 02:00:00 -0400

Typical mental health interventions to support someone who is understood as “resistant” to making necessary changes include attempts to encourage and motivate the needed behavior modifications. However, for someone who is overwhelmed with fear, these interventions may further inhibit action.

This episode considers the nonverbal communication signals that can assist mental health therapists in determining when other interventions would be more successful, enabling the best outcomes for the client.

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Reference:

Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Change Model:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556005/

77. What a Regulated Nervous System State Looks and Sounds Like in a Therapy Session

Wed, 21 Jan 2026 02:00:00 -0400

At this time of the year, it is common for patients to be interested in New Year’s Resolutions or other goals and aspirations. Mental health therapists are typically skilled in interventions to support crises and problems, but what about when things are calm for the moment and the main need is to observe and endorse a good outcome?

This episode highlights non-verbal communication that signals a regulated nervous system state, in order to support the treating clinician in determining when their patients are experiencing these and makes suggestions for how to respond.

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References:

How Horses Move:

https://mechse.illinois.edu/news/blogs/mechanics-motion-nature

Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Change Model:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556005/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model

76. Observing Non-Verbal Signals to Understand How to Reduce Anxious Responses During Times of Change

Wed, 14 Jan 2026 02:00:00 -0400

It is so natural to want changes at this time of the year, and as mental health therapists we are very likely going to support someone with a significant change that makes them anxious. Knowing how to support their exploration of possibilities while intervening non-verbally can help keep the momentum going in a way that simultaneously encourages a more regulated response that sustains the change process.

Listen now for some potential ways to work in this way!

75. How to View Non-Verbal Signals to Determine Readiness for Change

Wed, 07 Jan 2026 02:00:00 -0400

As mental health therapists, it is common to hear someone speak of New Year’s Resolutions or other big changes they hope to see in the New Year. The challenge is sometimes people are not fully bought into the anticipated changes, despite their discussions of wanting them to happen.

Learning to view nonverbal signals, such as eye-contact, can support the mental health therapist in best supporting their patient. That is, if there is consistency across the stated intentions in verbal and nonverbal communication, then typical mental health interventions usually work. However, when there is inconsistency, the mental health therapist can learn to assess these discrepancies in order to better support their patients.

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References:

Pew Research on New Year’s Resolutions:

Who makes New Year’s resolutions, and why? | Pew Research Center

Prochaska’s Transtheoretical Change Model:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556005/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model

74. Highlights from the Year

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 01:37:00 -0400

Brenda reflects on the highlights from the year on the podcast, including guest interviews and her own explorations. This year, episodes integrated the works of scholars including Stephen Porges, PhD and Jaak Panksepp, PhD, as well as reviewed many clinical research articles in the pursuit of improving the practice of mental health. As she reviews in the highlights, the podcast strives to find a balance between the art and science of practice, that is integrating theory and research while always recognizing and honoring what happens during the session as profoundly insightful.

Highlights are from these episodes:

Episode 28: Brenda and Kinsey Rone on the Power of Therapist Connection

Episode 27: More Than a Profession: Brenda’s Love for Psychology

Episode 36: How Animals Detect Human Nervous System States Through Scent

Episode 44: How Embarrassment Builds Trust in Relationships

Episode 49: From Fear to Curiosity: Exploring the Seeking System with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma

Episode 63: Gazes between Species and the Application to Mental Health Practice

Episode 68: How to Provide Better Mental Health Treatment for Veterans with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Episode 71: Expecting Great Outcomes - A Look at the Pygmalion (Rosenthal) Effect

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73. Reflections with Kinsey Rone, LCPC: What Works & What’s in the Works

Tue, 23 Dec 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Kinsey Rone returns to the podcast for some reflections on the year. She and Brenda consider what interventions worked in their own practices. Brenda also shares feedback she has heard, particularly in the discussions across disciplines with the practice of equine-assisted services.

And, the invitation is enthusiastically extended for listeners to share their feedback and questions, which will be shared and answered in future episodes. See below for ways to send in yours!

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For More Information about our Guest:

Kinsey Rone, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor

https://www.arrowcreekcounseling.com

72. Not Always Jolly: Nature’s Lessons for the Holidays

Wed, 17 Dec 2025 02:00:00 -0400

This episode begins by normalizing difficulties over the holidays by sharing national statistics that demonstrate the commonness of this experience. Supporting patients with concerns over the holidays can be a challenge, in part because of the difficulties themselves and also because of the strong tendency to isolate these concerns at this time.

Brenda then considers how nature operates during this time of winter as a helpful example for supporting these experiences.

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Contribute to the Conversation! Share your thoughts on the podcast and how these concepts work in your practice, or ask a question and I’ll answer it in an upcoming episode: https://connection-therapy.com/contact-us

References:

American Psychiatric Association

https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/news-releases/americans-more-anxious-about-the-holidays

American Psychological Association

https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2023/11/holiday-season-stress

National Alliance of Mental Illness (NAMI)

https://www.nami.org/press-releases/mental-health-and-the-holiday-blues/

https://www.nami.org/blog-post/surviving-painful-holiday-emotions/

https://www.nami.org/from-the-ceo/the-most-difficult-time-of-the-year-mental-health-during-the-holidays/

Old Farmer’s Almanac (information about the Winter Solstice):

https://www.almanac.com/content/first-day-winter-winter-solstice#:~:text=The%20first%20day%20of%20winter%20in%20the,December%2021%2C%202025%2C%20at%2010:03%20AM%20(EST).

71. Expecting Great Outcomes - A Look at the Pygmalion (Rosenthal) Effect

Wed, 10 Dec 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow goes back to one of the foundational studies in psychology that still has resonance today. The Pygmalion or Rosenthal effect is from research that explored how when teachers viewed their students as having high-potential, the students did better. It speaks to the uncanny experience that when we expect greatness from others, especially young children in grade school as this study originally investigated, it sometimes becomes reality.

Brenda combines the concepts from this foundational study with the idea of Winnicott’s potential space and incorporates recent real-life and timely examples from guests on the podcast to have an important discussion. Essentially, she illustrates that we can do the simplest of therapeutic acts, that is looking at someone with expectations for great things, and see results.

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References:

Pygmalion (Rosenthal) Effect:

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/education/pygmalion-effect-rosenthal-effect

D.W. Winnicott’s idea of “potential space” in Playing and Reality. (1971, Penguin).

70. Supporting Veterans? Learn about the Research History that Drives Current Treatments

Wed, 03 Dec 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Brenda continues the discussion about the research on mental health treatment with veterans, as referenced in earlier podcasts in order to assist practitioners in understanding the implications for practice. She provides historical context to some of the current treatments for PTSD and invites consideration for future possibilities.

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Sign-up for the February 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://connection-therapy.captivate.fm/course-with-adam-magers

References:

Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://www.odysseusandtheoar.com/

https://www.thebattlewithin.org/team

More information about classical conditioning, prolonged exposure, Pavlov & Seligman:

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/psychology/learned-helplessness

Monroe, M., Whitworth, J. D., Wharton, T., & Turner, J. (2021). Effects of an Equine-Assisted Therapy Program for Military Veterans with Self-Reported PTSD. Society & Animals, 29(5/6), 577–590. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1163/15685306-12341572

Mentioned in this episode:

Feb 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Learn more about the Feb 2026 course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

69. The Research on Supporting Veterans

Wed, 26 Nov 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Dr. Brenda Murrow reflects on recent experiences of spending time with specialized professionals including interviewing Adam Magers, MA, LPC and presenting at the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH), International conference.

In this episode, she shares an understanding about how to tie clinical practice to the existing research in support of veterans. This is done to support current practitioners who support veterans, whether in in-office settings or equine-assisted services. She also explains the importance of the guiding theories that drive the ways these can be connected.

Sign-up for the February 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://connection-therapy.captivate.fm/course-with-adam-magers

Enjoying the podcast?

There are now playlists for you to navigate to your favorite topics: https://connection-therapy.com/playlist

References:

Matthew Bennett, PsyD, Towards an Integrated Analytical Psychology: Return to Freedom and Dignity (2024)

Butler, O., Willmund, G., Gleich, T., Zimmermann, P., Lindenberger, U., Gallinat, J., & Kühn, S. (2019). Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression of Negative Emotion in Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Functional MRI Study. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 43(1), 236–246. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9905-x

Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://www.odysseusandtheoar.com/

https://www.thebattlewithin.org/team

Maria M Steenkamp, PhD

https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/maria-m-steenkamp

Steenkamp MM, Litz BT, Hoge CW, Marmar CR. Psychotherapy for Military-Related PTSD: A Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA. 2015 Aug 4;314(5):489-500. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.8370. PMID: 26241600. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26241600/)

Steffen, P. R., & Anderson, T. (2025). Primary appraisal is affective not cognitive: Exploring a revised transactional model of stress and coping. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 50(2), 197–211. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09699-w

Mentioned in this episode:

Feb 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Learn more about the Feb 2026 course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

68. How to Provide Better Mental Health Treatment for Veterans with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Wed, 19 Nov 2025 00:03:00 -0400

In this final segment of the conversation with Adam Magers, MA, LPC, he shares his views on how to improve mental health treatment for veterans. He provides specific steps that practicing clinicians can take immediately to see benefits.

He draws from both perspectives, as a clinician and as a veteran receiving support, in his own work with veterans, first responders, and frontline medical professionals. In this episode, he shares freely how he works and what any therapist can do to improve their skills in treating veterans.

Connect with our Guest:

Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://www.odysseusandtheoar.com/

https://www.thebattlewithin.org/team

Sign-up for the February 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://connection-therapy.captivate.fm/course-with-adam-magers

Enjoying the podcast?

There are now playlists for you to navigate to your favorite topics: https://connection-therapy.com/playlist

Mentioned in this episode:

Feb 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Learn more about the Feb 2026 course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

67. A Veteran’s Journey with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Wed, 12 Nov 2025 02:00:00 -0400

The conversation continues with Adam Magers, MA, LPC who joined the podcast to discuss his work with veterans, first responders, and frontline medical professionals. He has experience both as a clinician and as a veteran receiving support, and he draws from both perspectives to share his expertise. This unique and candid discussion offers many engaging insights, and is likely to widen your perspective on the treatment of veterans.

In this part of the interview, Adam shares his personal journey and offers listeners a view into what the return home is really like, and the many ways in which it is a continual process for veterans.

Guest:

Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://www.odysseusandtheoar.com/

https://www.thebattlewithin.org/team

Sign-up for the February 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://connection-therapy.captivate.fm/course-with-adam-magers

Enjoying the podcast?

There are now playlists for you to navigate to your favorite topics: https://connection-therapy.com/playlist

Mentioned in this episode:

Feb 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Learn more about the Feb 2026 course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

66. Supporting Veterans Effectively with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Wed, 05 Nov 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Adam Magers, MA, LPC joins the podcast to discuss his work with veterans, first responders, and frontline medical professionals. He has experience both as a clinician and as a veteran receiving support, and he draws from both perspectives to share his expertise. This unique and candid discussion offers many engaging insights, and is likely to widen your perspective on the treatment of veterans.

Adam wrote the book, Odysseus & the Oar: Healing After War and Military Service (2024) which serves as a guide for veterans, their loved ones, and those who counsel them. In his book, Adam applies the myth of the Odyssey by Homer to the experiences of war veterans. He describes this as the ‘archetype of the warrior’s return’ and shares the ways this timeless story can illuminate paths through the pain of homecoming, in order to offer veterans a new perspective on the journey they have undergone during their service. In this episode, he shares information about how this can be applied to mental health treatment.

Guest:

Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://www.odysseusandtheoar.com/

https://www.thebattlewithin.org/team

Sign-up for the February 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

https://connection-therapy.captivate.fm/course-with-adam-magers

Enjoying the podcast?

There are now playlists for you to navigate to your favorite topics: https://connection-therapy.com/playlist

References:

Matthew Bennett, PsyD, Towards an Integrated Analytical Psychology: Return to Freedom and Dignity (2024)

Mentioned in this episode:

Feb 2026 Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Learn more about the Feb 2026 course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

Course with Adam Magers, MA, LPC

65. What if Someone Does Not Want to Look at Themselves?

Wed, 29 Oct 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Brenda reviews the links researchers found between self-disgust and avoiding self-gazing, in studies with both veterans and older adults. While the research is nascent in the ability to make significant conclusions, it does seem to have implications for clinical practice, especially in light of all the other factors associated with gaze and eye-contact.

Brenda explores the potential considerations for therapy sessions in this novel perspective on the ways body behaviors can be linked to internal experiences.

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References:

Ypsilanti A, Gettings R, Lazuras L, Robson A, Powell PA and Overton PG (2020) Self-Disgust Is Associated With Loneliness, Mental Health Difficulties, and Eye-Gaze Avoidance in War Veterans With PTSD. Front. Psychol. 11:559883. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559883

Ypsilanti, A., Robson, A., Lazuras, L., Powell, P. A., and Overton, P. G. (2020). Self-disgust, loneliness and mental health outcomes in older adults: an eye-tracking study. J. Affect. Disord. 266, 646–654. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.166

64. We Knew It! There are Connections Between Brains

Wed, 22 Oct 2025 02:00:00 -0400

As a mental health therapist, you probably have had the intuition that there is some type of shared experience between brains, in the therapy session, in a community setting, perhaps in the world.

Today’s research review confirms this notion and even opens up more possibilities in that it appears the shared connections are enhanced by cooperation and amplified with eye contact. Listen to consider the implications for mental health therapy, and your practice specifically. There is even an opportunity to contribute to the conversation if you would like to do so.

Contribute to the Conversation! Share your thoughts on the podcast and how these concepts work in your practice, or ask a question and I’ll answer it in an upcoming episode: https://connection-therapy.com/contact-us

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Reference:

Luft, C. D. B., Zioga, I., Giannopoulos, A., Di Bona, G., Binetti, N., Civilini, A., Latora, V., & Mareschal, I. (2022). Social synchronization of brain activity increases during eye-contact. Communications Biology, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03352-6

63. Gazes between Species and the Application to Mental Health Practice

Wed, 15 Oct 2025 02:00:00 -0400

How does gaze following and responses to vocalizations from cats and dogs apply to the practice of psychology? This article was published by the American Psychological Association in the Journal of Comparative Psychology in order that mental health therapists would consider that exact question and we explore together in this episode how that might apply to your practice.

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There are now playlists for you to navigate to your favorite topics: https://connection-therapy.com/playlist

Reference:

Bogese, M. J., Johnston, A. M., & Byosiere, S.-E. (2024). Gaze in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 138(1), 68–76. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/com0000359

62. Honoring Dr. Jane Goodall and the Lessons She Leaves Behind

Wed, 08 Oct 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Dr. Brenda Murrow reflects on the life and legacy of Dr. Jane Goodall, who recently passed away, leaving behind a world forever changed by her compassion, curiosity, and scientific brilliance.

In this episode, Dr. Murrow shares how Dr. Goodall’s discovery that chimpanzees use tools reshaped our understanding of what it means to be human and how her presence, kindness, and unwavering curiosity became a model for how to move through the world.

Her passing also coincides with World Animal Day, now celebrating its 100th anniversary. Dr. Murrow shares how this global event connects with the ongoing work of figures like Dr. Temple Grandin, whose research in Animals Make Us Human emphasizes that emotions drive behavior in both animals and humans.

Bringing these ideas into her own clinical work, Dr. Murrow discusses how conversations about animals can open pathways for connection, especially in therapy with children. By including pets and animal relationships in assessment and treatment, clients often reveal deeper relational patterns, empathy, and comfort, allowing therapy to feel more inclusive and authentic.

This episode is both a tribute to Dr. Goodall and a reflection on how her compassionate way of being continues to inspire how we live, relate, and practice care for humans and animals alike.

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References:

Dr. Jane Goodall

https://janegoodall.org/

Jane Goodall. (1999). Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey.

Dr. Temple Grandin & Catherine Johnson. (). Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals

World Animal Day: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Animal_Day

61. Understanding Emotion in Therapy

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow reflects on her journey as a clinician and how her early training shaped her approach to emotion-focused therapy (EFT), developed by Drs. Greenberg and Johnson. She explores the idea that all therapy, no matter the approach, involves emotions—because clients most often seek help in response to emotional challenges.

Dr. Murrow discusses research by Steffen & Anderson (2025) highlighting affect as the “primary appraisal” in decision-making, connecting these findings to her own clinical observations. She reflects on how emotions guide clients’ responses, shape therapeutic interventions, and influence the choices therapists make in session.

Drawing from her early work supporting survivors of sexual assault at a rape crisis center, Dr. Murrow examines how trauma can affect a client’s trust in their own thinking, the role of psychological defenses, and why focusing on emotions—rather than relying only on cognitive strategies—can support healing. She also shares reflections on working with children who have experienced trauma, discussing the benefits and limitations of play therapy, nonverbal communication, and developmental frameworks in guiding interventions.

Throughout the episode, Dr. Murrow encourages therapists to consider their own approach, reflect on the decisions they make in session, and integrate emotion into practice in ways that strengthen the therapeutic relationship and support meaningful outcomes for clients.

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References:

Dr. Les Greenberg information:

Southern California Institute of Emotion-Focused Therapy: https://www.eftsocal.com/

Dr. Sue Johnson information:

https://drsuejohnson.com/

McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process (2nd ed.)Guilford Press.

National Sexual Violence Resource Center: https://www.nsvrc.org

Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The Archaeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York, NY: Norton.

Piaget’s Stages of Development

https://www.webmd.com/children/piaget-stages-of-development

60. Slowing Down and Listening for Emotional Cues in Therapy

Wed, 24 Sep 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Welcome back to the Connection Therapy Podcast. In this episode, Brenda shares her reflections on Emotion Focused Therapy and the powerful contributions of Dr. Leslie Greenberg, a tremendous mentor in the field.

Brenda walks through what makes this approach stand out from more traditional models. Rather than moving too quickly into problem-solving, EFT asks therapists to slow down and notice what’s happening in the moment.

She highlights some of the subtle signs Greenberg points to—like when a client circles around a story, repeats something they’ve said many times before, or suddenly touches on something moving and tender. These moments, though easy to miss, can be invitations into deeper emotions that shift the direction of therapy.

The conversation also touches on the role of voice and tone in picking up on emotions, the importance of therapists paying attention to their own feelings during a session, and the challenges of catching these cues when working virtually. Brenda explains why slowing the pace, listening more closely, and making room for both the client’s and therapist’s emotions can create opportunities for lasting change.

To close, Brenda offers reflection questions that invite listeners to think about how these ideas show up in their own practice. From noticing the small signals in a client’s words to exploring how to stay emotionally attuned, these prompts are designed to spark meaningful reflection whether you’re on your own, in supervision, or sharing with peers.

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Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2025). Learning emotion-focused therapy: A comprehensive guide., 2nd ed. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/0000458-000

Johnson, S. (2009). Extravagant emotion: Understanding and transforming love relationships in Emotionally Focused Therapy. In D. Fosha, D. J., Siegel,

& M. F. Solomon (Eds.), The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience,

development & clinical practice (pp. 1-26). New York, NY: Norton.

Dr. Sue Johnson information:

https://drsuejohnson.com/

59. From Cognition to Emotion: A Shift in Mental Health Practice

Wed, 17 Sep 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Most interventions in our field are taught as cognitive-based. But in practice, what actually works often comes down to emotions, nonverbal cues, and affect. That gap between graduate training and what really helps clients is something every clinician has to navigate.

In this episode, Brenda takes a closer look at why emotions sit at the center of lasting change. She reviews the landmark article The Rise of Affectivism in Nature Human Behaviour and explores how this new paradigm builds on behaviorism and cognitivism while placing emotions, motivations, and moods at the core of human experience.

Dr. Greenberg’s reminder that “you have to arrive at your emotions before you can leave them” shapes an important way of thinking about emotional change in therapy. Rather than changing emotions through cognition or behavior alone, he shows us that transformation happens when one emotion helps shift another. This idea, along with the growing recognition of affect in research and practice, signals an important shift in how we understand healing.

Brenda reflects on these shifts, considers their impact on child therapy and beyond, and explores what they mean for the future of psychotherapy.

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References:

Dukes, D., Abrams, K., Adolphs, R., Ahmed, M. E., Beatty, A., Berridge, K. C., Broomhall, S., Brosch, T., Campos, J. J., Clay, Z., Clément, F., Cunningham, W. A., Damasio, A., Damasio, H., D, A. J., Davidson, J. W., de Gelder, B., Deonna, J., de Sousa, R., … Sander, D. (2021). The rise of affectivism. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(7), 816–820. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8

Greenberg, L., & Selvam, R. (2024). The Future of Emotions. International Body Psychotherapy Journal, 23(1), 12–27.

Southern California Institute of Emotion-Focused Therapy: https://www.eftsocal.com/

58. Do Feelings Drive Us More Than Thoughts? Affective Science in the Therapy Room

Wed, 10 Sep 2025 08:33:00 -0400

For decades, the cognitive model has shaped therapy with the idea that our thoughts determine how we feel and behave. But new research suggests the opposite may be true—that emotions might actually be in the driver’s seat.

In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow takes a closer look at a newly published article, “Primary Appraisal Is Affective Not Cognitive: Exploring a Revised Transactional Model of Stress and Coping,” and unpacks how it challenges long-held assumptions in mental health. Drawing from neuroscience and the work of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Kant, and Heidegger, she shares how the article explores our subjective experiences and affective processes influence everything from decision-making to language.

Dr. Murrow also reflects on what this means in the therapy room, especially with trauma survivors, where asking specific questions about thinking can miss the mark. Instead, she considers how paying close attention to emotions, the body, and the environment can offer deeper support—and how tools like biofeedback may help us better understand what’s truly effective.

This episode invites you to think differently about what drives human behavior and how we show up with presence in the therapy space.

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References:

57. How Goats Help Us Rethink Emotion in the Therapy Room

Wed, 03 Sep 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode of the Connection Therapy Podcast, host Dr. Brenda Murrow explores what surprising new research on goats can teach us about human connection and therapy. Two recent studies shed light on how these social animals respond to emotional cues, offering valuable lessons for anyone working in a helping profession.

The first study, published in Frontiers in Zoology in 2019, found that goats could tell the difference between positive and negative calls from other goats. Not only did their behavior change, but researchers also noted shifts in heart rate variability, suggesting that positive vocalizations were related to a calming effect. The second study, published in Animal Behavior in 2024, extended these findings by showing that goats also reacted differently to happy and angry human voices—even when the voices were unfamiliar. While the responses in this case were behavioral rather than physiological, the research highlighted just how far emotional communication can reach across species.

For therapists, these studies highlight a simple but powerful truth: our tone, mood, and presence matter. Just as goats respond to emotional signals, so too do our clients. What we bring into the room can shape not only the conversation but also how someone feels in their body.

Dr. Murrow reflects on the practical takeaways for clinicians—reminding us that the therapeutic relationship is influenced as much by how we show up as by what we say. By being mindful of our emotional presence, we can create spaces that are calmer, safer, and more healing for the people we serve.

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References:

Baciadonna, L., Briefer, E., Favaro, L., & McElligott, A. (2019). Goats distinguish between positive and negative emotion-linked vocalisations. Frontiers in Zoology, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1186/s12983-019-0323-z

Mason, M. A., Semple, S., Marshall, H. H., & McElligott, A. G. (2024). Goats discriminate emotional valence in the human voice. Animal Behaviour, 209, 227–240. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.12.008

56. Researching the Connection Between External Behavior and Inner States

Wed, 27 Aug 2025 02:00:00 -0400

What we show on the outside doesn’t always reflect what’s happening on the inside—but sometimes the signals are there if we know how to read them. In this episode, Dr. Brenda explores her curiosity about the connection between behaviors, especially in children, and what’s happening internally for survivors of trauma.

She draws from polyvagal theory and highlights research like the study by Park et al. (2011), which examined the relationship between autonomic function, voice, and mood states. Their findings show how closely our internal physiology—like pulse rate variability—lines up with the signals we send through our voice and facial expressions.

Just as machines are being trained to read these signals, therapists and caregivers can sharpen their own intuition and skills to sense them too. This isn’t about confirming what we already think we know—it’s about exploration, staying open, and continuing to learn how and why these connections work.

Technology is advancing quickly, and studies like this one are pointing toward what many are already noticing in practice: the heart, face, and voice are deeply connected.

If you’ve ever been curious about the relationship between external behaviors and internal states, or you want inspiration to keep growing in your own therapeutic work, this conversation is for you.

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Chan-Kyu Park, Sanghoon Lee, Hi-Joon Park, You-Sang Baik, Young-Bae Park, & Young-Jae Park. (2011). Autonomic function, voice, and mood states. Clinical Autonomic Research, 21(2), 103–110. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10286-010-0095-1

55. Supporting Children’s Emotional Growth Through Play Therapy

Wed, 20 Aug 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Working with children can be challenging, especially when they are experiencing emotional struggles. In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow examines how children decode emotions in voices and what this means for supporting their social and emotional development through therapy.

Drawing on a 2023 study published in Cerebral Cortex, Dr. Murrow highlights how a child’s ability to recognize emotional tone—particularly sadness—is closely linked to their social communication skills. Rather than avoiding or downplaying negative emotions, tuning in to these cues can actually strengthen a child’s capacity for empathy and social responsiveness over time.

Dr. Murrow also explores the practice of child-led play therapy, illustrating how children often express real-life experiences and emotions through their play. She emphasizes the importance of responding with authenticity, following the child’s lead, and creating a space where children can safely explore complex feelings. Through careful observation, reflective narration, and thoughtful engagement, therapists and caregivers can support children in processing difficult emotions without forcing positivity or over-interpreting behavior.

This episode offers research-backed insights and practical strategies for therapists, educators, and caregivers seeking to approach children’s emotional worlds with empathy, skill, and authenticity. Listeners will come away with a deeper understanding of how emotional decoding and play intersect to support healthy social development and meaningful connection.

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References:

Leipold, S., Abrams, D. A., Karraker, S., & Menon, V. (2023). Neural decoding of emotional prosody in voice-sensitive auditory cortex predicts social communication abilities in children. Cerebral Cortex, 33(3), 709–728. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac095

54. How Voice Reveals Emotion Beyond Words in Therapy

Wed, 13 Aug 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode of the Connection Therapy Podcast, Dr. Brenda Murrow explores the concept of voice prosody — the way something is said beyond the words themselves. Prosody includes the tone, pitch, rhythm, and other vocal qualities that carry emotional meaning and influence how language is experienced, which has implications for therapy.

Dr. Murrow draws from her personal experience with voice differences and discusses recent research, including a 2025 study showing that emotions such as sadness, anger, and joy can be effectively conveyed and recognized through a single spoken word.

The episode covers the clinical importance of listening for emotional patterns, shifts, and rhythms in clients’ voices. Paying attention to these elements can reveal underlying feelings that may not be expressed through words alone. This is particularly valuable in trauma-informed and developmental work, where clients’ voices may reflect earlier developmental stages or past experiences, providing additional insight for sensitive intervention.

Dr. Murrow offers practical guidance for therapists on how to incorporate observations about prosody into therapy sessions. She emphasizes approaching this with curiosity and sensitivity to create a safe environment where clients can become aware of emotional patterns without feeling pressured or uncomfortable.

Ultimately, voice prosody provides a unique perspective on client experience. Attuning to both what is said and how it is said supports stronger therapeutic connection and can improve the effectiveness of clinical interventions.

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References:

Coulombe, V., Martel-Sauvageau, V. & Monetta, L. The Expression of Vocal Emotions in Cognitively Healthy Adult Speakers: Impact of Emotion Category, Gender, and Age. J Nonverbal Behav 49, 35–51 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-024-00472-x

53. Inside the Emotional Systems That Shape Us

Wed, 06 Aug 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode of the Connection Therapy Podcast, Dr. Brenda Murrow explores how our most basic emotional systems—shared with other mammals—shape both our behavior and overall well-being. Drawing from the work of Jaak Panksepp, Mark Solms, and Temple Grandin, she breaks down how concepts like allostasis, heart rate variability, and emotional flexibility connect to mental health and personality.

You’ll hear how Panksepp’s seven emotional systems can be translated into meaningful clinical work, how Mark Solms defines consciousness through the lens of biology, and why it matters that living beings must stay within specific physiological ranges. Dr. Murrow also introduces the idea of personality as a reflection of our brain’s strategy for staying regulated over time—not just day-to-day, but across our lifespan.

This episode challenges traditional personality assessments and highlights why moderate, adaptable functioning is often a more useful marker of mental health than extreme traits. Drawing inspiration from Dr. Temple Grandin, we consider how factors like genetics, environment, and sensory processing shape individual behavior—and how visualizing emotional systems like adjustable “volume knobs” can help both clients and clinicians understand themselves better.

Whether you're a mental health professional or simply interested in how emotional and biological systems work together, this conversation offers a compelling blend of science, experience, and practical application.

Enjoying the podcast?

There are now playlists for you to navigate to your favorite topics: https://connection-therapy.com/playlist

References:

Grandin, T. (2018). My reflections on understanding animal emotions for improving the life of animals in zoos. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21(Suppl 1), 12–22. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/10888705.2018.1513843

Marchant, J., Khazan, I., Cressman, M., & Steffen, P. (2025). Comparing the effects of square, 4–7-8, and 6 breaths-per-minute breathing conditions on heart rate variability, CO~~2~~ levels, and mood. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 50(2), 261–276. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09688-z

Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The Archaeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York, NY: Norton.

Solms, Mark on Brain Science with Ginger Campbell, MD podcast, May 28, 2021

Steffen, P. R., & Olsen, J. A. (2025). Conceptualizing personality as individualized allostasis: Exploring a balanced measure of personality for psychotherapy/psychophysiology integration. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 50(2), 277–287. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09700-6

52. When Cognition and Behavior Don’t Match: Unconscious Motivation and the Emotional Systems Driving Us

Wed, 30 Jul 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Brenda explores the often-overlooked mismatch between what clients say and what they do. It’s a common experience in therapy: insight is there, but behavior doesn’t shift. This conversation dives into why that happens—and how unconscious motivation plays a powerful role in human behavior.

Grounding the conversation with contributions from the work of Fonagy, Freud, Schore, Panksepp, McWilliams, and more she explains how behavior is often driven by internal states we don’t even realize are there. It's not just about what we think—it’s about how we feel, and more importantly, how our brains process primary emotional experiences. Westen’s idea that affect regulation is the primary driver of motivation helps reframe what might look like resistance or avoidance in the therapy room.

From there, Brenda introduces the science of affective neuroscience, highlighting Jaak Panksepp’s research on the brain’s primary emotional systems. These systems—like Seeking, Fear, Panic/Grief, and Rage—are primal, fast, and often unconscious. She takes time to walk through each one, showing how they shape behavior in ways clients can’t always name. Whether it's a drive to connect, avoid danger, or lash out under pressure, these emotional systems often explain the “why” behind the stuckness.

Brenda also brings this into clinical practice. Using Nancy McWilliams’s framework, she explains how anxiety can come from different systems—and how knowing the source changes the ways to intervene.

Throughout the episode, Brenda encourages therapists to listen differently—to tune into the emotional system underneath the story. When we shift our focus to what’s happening in the body and deeper brain systems, we can meet clients in the places that words alone often can’t reach.

Enjoying the podcast?

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References:

Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2003). Psychoanalytic theories:Perspectives from developmental psychopathology.

McWilliams, N. (2014, September 2). 2012 Master Lecture - Beyond Traits: Personality

Differences As Intersubjective Themes [Video]. Youtube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_kUE2GWeYE

Panksepp, J. (2009). Brain emotional systems and qualities of mental life: From animal models of affect to implications for psychotherapeutics. In D. Fosha, D. J., Siegel,

& M. F. Solomon (Eds.), The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience,

development & clinical practice (pp. 1-26). New York, NY: Norton.

Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The Archaeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York, NY: Norton.

Schore, A.N. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. (and) Affect regulation and repair of the self. New York, NY: Norton.

51. Integrating Nonverbal Communication into Clinical Practice

Wed, 23 Jul 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow shares how learning from Dr. Rachaël Draaisma, an expert in horse behavior, has changed the way she shows up in the therapy room. What started as curiosity turned into a deeper appreciation for the power of observation, body awareness, and learning from unexpected places.

Brenda talks about what it means to really pay attention—to notice what’s not being said, and how our bodies communicate even when our words don’t. She shares how working with horses challenged her to move beyond just reading and thinking, and instead practice noticing, feeling, and responding in the moment.

We talk about subtle cues, like calming signals and body language, and how they show up in both horses and humans. Brenda also opens up about the discomfort of learning in new ways and why that discomfort can lead to growth.

This episode is a reminder that there’s wisdom all around us—even in the barn—and that sometimes the best way to understand people is to step outside the usual and pay attention in a new way.

References and More Information:

Book Club: https://connection-therapy.com/book-club

Webinar December 8th with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma:

https://connection-therapy.com/product/dr-rachael-draaisma-presents-language-signs-calming-signals-of-horses

To learn more about Rachaël’s work, visit calmingsignalsofhorses.com or check out her book Language Signs & Calming Signals of Horses (2017).

Podcast: Mark Solms on Brain Science with Ginger Campbell, MD, May 28, 2021

Podcast: Jaak Panksepp on the Unadulterated Intellect #77

Jaak Panksepp & Lucy Biven. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

Lone Guardian, LLC, https://www.theloneguardian.org/

50. Why Body Language Matters with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma

Wed, 16 Jul 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In part three of her conversation with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma, Brenda dives straight into one of the most persistent myths in the horse world: that chewing always means a horse is thinking—or being submissive. Turns out, it’s not that simple.

Dr. Draaisma helps us unpack what chewing actually communicates and why assuming a single meaning can cause us to miss what’s really going on. It’s not just about thoughtfulness or calm. Sometimes, it’s a signal of inner tension, an effort to self-regulate, or something entirely different. The context—and the rest of the body language—matters.

Dr. Draaisma also shares how our own body language plays a role in shaping how animals (and people) respond to us. Small shifts—a softer gaze, a change in posture, even the kind of eye contact we use—can dramatically change the feel of an interaction.

One of the standout moments? Her distinction between having an open mind and an open gaze. It's not enough to say you're willing to hear something new—your body needs to see it.

Whether you work with animals, as in equine-assisted therapy, or just want to be more mindful in your connections, this episode is packed with insights. Dr. Draaisma reminds us that communication isn’t just verbal—it’s energetic, physical, and often nonverbal. And if we want to be truly present and responsive, we have to keep learning how to read the cues.

This episode is a powerful reminder: when we change how we show up—right down to the tilt of our head or the quality of our gaze—we open the door to more trust, more connection, and a whole lot more understanding.

More Information:

Book Club: https://connection-therapy.com/book-club

Webinar December 8th with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma:

https://connection-therapy.com/product/dr-rachael-draaisma-presents-language-signs-calming-signals-of-horses

To learn more about Rachaël’s work, visit calmingsignalsofhorses.com or check out her book Language Signs & Calming Signals of Horses (2017).

49. From Fear to Curiosity: Exploring the Seeking System with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma

Wed, 09 Jul 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode Brenda continues her conversation with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma. In part two of this discussion, they move deeper into what it means to support emotional health in animals—not just by shaping their behavior, but by helping them feel safe, curious, and motivated from within.

Dr. Draaisma shares how she builds training sessions that work with the animal’s emotional state instead of against it. Drawing from the neuroscience of Jaak Panksepp and Lucy Biven, we focus on one powerful emotional system: the seeking system. In both animals and humans, it’s connected to feelings of motivation and joy.

One of the simplest ways Dr. Draaisma helps animals engage their seeking system is through scentwork. Instead of teaching horses to follow commands, she sets up activities where the horses use their noses to search for treats or identify scents. Through these small moments of discovery, dopamine—one of the brain’s significant chemicals—is released, helping the animal shift from a state of stress to one of focus and enjoyment.

By helping the horse enjoy the process of searching and learning, Dr. Draaisma creates an emotional shift that lasts beyond the training session. Throughout the episode, we also discuss how to recognize when an animal is operating from curiosity versus fear. Dr. Draaisma explains the calming signals you might notice. These small shifts in body language give us valuable clues about how the horse is feeling and whether our work is supporting emotional safety.

This episode encourages us to look beyond surface-level behavior and instead ask: is the animal curious and engaged, or simply complying out of fear? Whether you work with animals or people, the same principle applies. When we help individuals feel safe enough to explore, we create space for meaningful emotional change.

To learn more about Rachaël’s work, visit calmingsignalsofhorses.com or check out her book Language Signs & Calming Signals of Horses (2017).

References:

Jaak Panksepp & Lucy Biven. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

48. Understanding Calming Signals and Scentwork with Dr. Rachaël Draaisma

Wed, 02 Jul 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow welcomes Dr. Rachaël Draaisma for a truly fascinating conversation about the subtle, yet powerful, language of calming signals—what many in the clinical and animal behavior world might also recognize as appeasement behaviors.

Rachaël shares how her work with horses opened a path to understanding the nervous system in a whole new way. What began as an interest in horse behavior quickly evolved into a deep study of nonverbal communication, and even scent tracking, which she has found enhances the mental stimulation of horses.

Part 1 of their conversation centers around how mammals—including us—use calming signals to navigate social climates. These signals often operate beneath our awareness, yet play a major role in shaping connection and communication. They don’t require conscious thought or effort. That’s what makes them so vital—because they help us respond to one another in ways that are deeply wired into our nervous systems.

Rachaël talks about what she’s learned from years of observing horses, highlighting how grace, curiosity, and emotional safety play into how these animals communicate and co-exist with humans. Her observations and research show that calming signals aren’t just something horses use—they’re shared across species.

We also get an introduction to Scentwork, which Rachaël ties directly into mental well-being and nervous system regulation. There’s so much richness here, and this is just the beginning.

This conversation opens up a new lens on social behavior, connection, and communication.

To learn more about Rachaël’s work, visit calmingsignalsofhorses.com or check out her book Language Signs & Calming Signals of Horses (2017).

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

Join the Bookclub! https://connection-therapy.com/book-club

References:

Lone Guardian, LLC, https://www.theloneguardian.org/

47. From Horsework to Human Work: Reading the Signals We Miss

Wed, 25 Jun 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow explores the powerful role of calming signals—those subtle, nonverbal cues used to manage social dynamics, reduce conflict, and build connection. Building on past episodes on appeasement behaviors in dogs and humans, this conversation turns to horses—drawing on the work of two influential authors: Turid Rugaas (dogs) and her mentee, Rachaël Draaisma (horses) who have both published books on calming signals, also known as appeasement behaviors.

Brenda shares takeaways from a hands-on class with Dr. Draaisma, where she learned that horses use a wide range of calming signals—like looking away, blinking, chewing, or curving their walking patterns—to create space or maintain harmony in interactions.

But this episode isn’t just about horses. It’s about how easily we, as humans—and especially therapists—unintentionally send nonverbal messages we don’t mean. Brenda shares a personal moment in class when her body language contradicted her intent—toward both a horse and a human partner—and what that revealed about how her own unconscious patterns of somatic movement needs to be further understood.

Brenda reflects on her discomfort with experiential learning and how participating in it revealed surprising insights about her own communication. She offers encouragement to those who might also feel more at ease with books and theory, reminding listeners that awareness begins by noticing what we’re actually doing in real time.

There’s value in simply noticing the signals we give off—especially the ones we’re not aware of. These small moments of awareness can shape stronger connections with both clients and animals.

References:

*Brenda Murrow, (2013) A Quantitative exploration into the effects of the human and animal connection. (Doctoral dissertation). Pacifica Graduate Institute.

*also mentioned in podcast episodes 2, 3, and 4.

Jaak Panksepp & Lucy Biven. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

Rachaël Draaisma, https://calmingsignalsofhorses.com/en/

Language Signs & Calming Signals of Horses (2017), CRC Press

Turid Rugaas, http://en.turid-rugaas.no/

Lone Guardian, LLC, https://www.theloneguardian.org/

Gurman, A. S., & Messer, S. B. (Eds.). (2003). Essential psychotherapies: Theory and

practice. New York: The Guilford Press.

46. How Trauma Shapes Behavior: A Look at Appeasement in Children

Wed, 18 Jun 2025 02:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow takes a look into behaviors we sometimes see in children that can feel confusing or hard to understand—like why a child might stay very close to a caregiver who’s actually causing them harm or distress. To start, she shares an example of how horses react unpredictably to things in their environments which helps us begin to see how behaviors in animals—and humans—can be shaped by their environment and survival needs.

Dr. Brenda Murrow then builds on the article we unpacked in episode 45, Entrapped Mother Entrapped Child: Agonic Mode Hierarchy and Appeasement and Intergenerational Abuse and Neglect by Amos, Segal, and Cantor. This article looks closely at how children in abusive or neglectful homes develop what are called “appeasement behaviors” to help them survive. One behavior Dr. Murrow highlights that the authors mentioned is called “reverted escape,” which describes a child’s seemingly paradoxical choice to stay near a dominant or even oppressive adult rather than run away. While this may seem counterintuitive, it’s actually a common survival strategy found in both humans and animals.

She also discusses other forms of appeasement behaviors like infantile mimicry, cowering, bowing, sickness behaviors, and even self-destructive behaviors—all ways that children might signal they don’t want conflict and are trying to remain safe in difficult environments. These behaviors, though often misunderstood, have deep roots in survival instincts shared across species.

Dr. Murrow reminds us that understanding the why behind behaviors—not just labeling them as “bad” or “problematic”—is essential to supporting children effectively. By viewing behavior through this lens, we can find better ways to intervene and support healing.

Understanding survival-based behaviors can change the way we respond—and ultimately help children feel safer and more supported.

References:

Amos, J., Segal, L., & Cantor, C. (2015). Entrapped Mother, Entrapped Child: Agonic Mode, Hierarchy and Appeasement in Intergenerational Abuse and Neglect. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 24(5), 1442–1450. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9950-3

45. How Trauma Shapes Children’s Behavior and Their Need to Stay Connected

Wed, 11 Jun 2025 02:00:00 -0400

Dr. Brenda Murrow began her career working with children and quickly realized that young kids don’t always use the language adults expect to describe their experiences. Each child has their own unique way of expressing what they feel and see, which makes understanding them a careful process. This is especially true when working with children who have experienced trauma or difficult home environments.

Recently, Dr. Brenda Murrow has been exploring research on appeasement signals—nonverbal behaviors that both humans and animals use to show peaceful intentions and avoid conflict.

She found a study titled Entrapped Mother, Entrapped Child: Agonic Mode, Hierarchy and Appeasement in Intergenerational Abuse and Neglect, published in 2015 in the Journal of Child and Family Studies by Jackie Amos, Leonie Seagal, and Chris Cantor. The study highlights how children raised in unpredictable or traumatic environments develop behaviors aimed at maintaining peace and connection with their caregivers, even when those caregivers may be abusive or neglectful.

According to the research, children pay a high price to stay connected—they must constantly watch and respond to their caregiver’s moods to avoid conflict. Brenda sees this in her work, observing how children learn to adjust their behavior to protect themselves and maintain relationships, sometimes acting out in ways that can seem confusing or hostile to others.

The study also shows that children’s behaviors vary depending on their caregiver’s mood—some may become clingy and submissive, others hostile or controlling, and some try to entertain or distract. Brenda recognizes these patterns in her clients and understands how challenging it is for outsiders like teachers or counselors to grasp why a child might stay connected to an unhealthy or harmful relationship.

Brenda appreciates how this research adds depth to her understanding of trauma and its effects on children. It helps explain why children might behave in ways that seem difficult or contradictory but are really strategies for survival and connection. She looks forward to sharing more about appeasement behaviors in upcoming episodes.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation.

Bessel Van der Kolk (2015). The Body Keeps the Score.

44. How Embarrassment Builds Trust in Relationships

Wed, 04 Jun 2025 02:00:00 -0400

We often think we need to show up perfectly, but the truth is—our imperfections are doing more work than we realize. In this episode, Dr. Brenda Murrow talks about how information moves between beings, especially through non-verbal signals, and how something as simple as embarrassment can actually build trust.

Humans, like many species, show appeasement signals—subtle ways of communicating their peaceable intent. When we are embarrassed, we often show these signals along with care, concern, or social awareness - all without saying a word. It’s a non-verbal way of showing we care what others think, too. That moment when your face flushes and you look away? It actually makes people trust you more.

Dr. Brenda Murrow breaks down the study Flustered and Faithful by Feinberg, Willer, and Keltner (2012), which found that when people witnessed someone reacting to an embarrassing moment with emotion, they viewed that person as more prosocial and trustworthy. It’s not the mistake that matters—it’s the way we respond. And often, we only feel embarrassed because we do care—about the moment, the other person, the connection.

This has big implications in how we support our patients. When we normalize embarrassment instead of rushing past it or covering it up, we give people space to be human. That opens the door for repair, empathy, and stronger connection. And often, those very moments can strengthen relationships.

Turns out, our flaws might be one of our best connection tools.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

Reference:

Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Keltner, D. (2012). Flustered and faithful: Embarrassment as a signal of prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(1), 81–97. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/a0025403

43. The Psychology of Appeasement: What Dogs Teach Us About Connection

Wed, 28 May 2025 07:00:00 -0400

In this episode of the Connection Therapy Podcast, Dr. Brenda Murrow explores how understanding animal behavior—especially in dogs—can deepen our insight into human communication and relationships.

Dr. Murrow reflects on her own experience learning French and how it made her more aware of cultural nuances in language—particularly terms of endearment. Something as simple as the word “sweetheart,” which might feel universal, actually varies widely depending on context and culture. This realization led her to consider how observing other species could offer a fresh perspective on human psychology.

The episode centers on appeasement signals—subtle behaviors animals use to prevent conflict. Dr. Murrow highlights a 2017 study from the Journal of Veterinary Behavior that looked at how dogs use cues like looking away or licking their lips when interacting with humans. These actions aren’t random—they’re meaningful ways of communicating peaceful intent.

Dr. Murrow encourages listeners to think about the nonverbal signals we use every day, from merging politely in traffic to softening our tone in conversation. By learning from animals, we can become more attuned to the subtle ways humans seek connection and avoid conflict—both in therapy and in daily life.

The episode is a powerful reminder that communication goes beyond words, and sometimes the smallest signals say the most. www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

Reference:

Firnkes, A., Bartels, A., Bidoli, E., & Erhard, M. (2017). Appeasement signals used by dogs during dog–human communication. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 19, 35–44. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.12.012

42. Observing Eye Contact in Dogs for Better Connection

Wed, 21 May 2025 07:00:00 -0400

May is Mental Health Awareness Month—a time to reflect on what helps us feel seen, safe, and connected. And sometimes, the most powerful connection doesn’t need words at all. It begins with eye contact.

In this episode, Brenda reflects on the power of eye contact and what it tells us about connection, safety, and trust—both in our relationships with people and with animals.

We often think of eye contact as a simple social skill, but it’s so much more than that. It plays a key role in human development, emotional regulation, and communication. And as Brenda shares, it appears it may act in similar ways for animals.

Brenda walks through two studies that explore how dogs respond to human behavior—especially in moments when they need help or when we show affection in ways that might not feel safe to them. One study shows how dogs use eye contact to signal that they’re stuck and need human assistance. Another reminds us that common gestures like hugging, petting, and rough play might feel comforting to us, but can actually stress out our animal companions.

This conversation is an invitation to slow down and pay attention. If we’re going to ask animals to partner with us—especially in therapeutic settings—we have to be willing to learn how they communicate, what their signals mean, and how to respond in ways that support trust instead of assuming it.

By understanding non-verbal communication across species, we don’t just become better practitioners—we become better humans.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Cavalli, C., Carballo, F., Dzik, M. V., & Bentosela, M. (2020). Gazing as a help requesting behavior: A comparison of dogs participating in animal-assisted interventions and pet dogs. Animal Cognition, 23(1), 141–147. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10071-019-01324-8

Walsh, E. A., Meers, L. L., Samuels, W. E., Boonen, D., Claus, A., Duarte-Gan, C., Stevens, V., Contalbrigo, L., & Normando, S. (2024). Human-dog communication: How body language and non-verbal cues are key to clarity in dog directed play, petting and hugging behaviour by humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106206

41. Art and Science Combined for Better Mental Health Practice

Wed, 14 May 2025 07:00:00 -0400

According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), 1 in 5 U.S. adults and 1 in 6 children experience mental health challenges each year. And, 122 million people live in areas with a shortage of mental health professionals, highlighting a critical gap in care. This is why Brenda is passionate about podcasting on mental health—both to raise awareness and provide resources for practitioners in the field, creating a community of professionals committed to this important work.

While Brenda often discusses science-based interventions, she’s also drawn to the "art" of psychology—the more intuitive, experiential ways of understanding. Art evokes emotions and insights that can’t always be measured scientifically but are just as valuable in the field of psychology. Brenda believes that integrating these different ways of knowing, as Carl Jung suggested, strengthens our ability to understand others.

One piece of art that illustrates this power of emotional connection is Edvard Munch’s The Scream. The figure’s agonized expression and intense eye contact convey deep pain—an emotion words can’t fully capture. It’s a reminder that eye contact and emotional expression are universally understood.

Brenda also looked to poetry, where many writers have reflected on the significance of eyes. From Rumi to T.S. Eliot, poets suggest that eyes reveal the soul, interpret the unconscious, and help us make sense of the world. These artistic perspectives remind Brenda of the deep, human connection that eye contact represents, beyond clinical practice.

As Brenda continues to explore the role of eye contact in psychology, she’s inspired by the way art and science can complement each other. This blend of approaches allows for a more empathetic, holistic practice—one rooted in curiosity and the power of connection. www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast References:

Charlotte Brontë~ https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/6575-the-soul-fortunately-has-an-interpreter---often-an-unconscious

TS Eliot~ https://allpoetry.com/Eyes-That-Last-I-Saw-In-Tears

Health Resources & Service Administration (HRSA) ~https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/shortage-area

CG Jung, Psychological Types (1921)

CS Lewis- https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/39719-if-the-whole-universe-has-no-meaning-we-should-never

Edvard Munch - ‘The Scream’ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/05/03/151928781/the-scream-fetches-highest-price-ever-for-a-work-of-art

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) - https://www.nami.org/

Mary Oliver - “Messenger” (in Thirst)

Rumi- https://www.azquotes.com/quote/866451

40. Insights from Research That Transform Therapy Practice

Wed, 07 May 2025 07:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Brenda takes a step back to reflect on several of her recent research-based episodes—and how what she’s learned is continuing to shape the way she practices. Revisiting past studies has helped her see just how much of what we do in the therapy room is grounded in awareness, relationship, and presence.

Across these episodes, one theme kept surfacing: we’re always in communication, even when nothing is being said. Posture, silence, pacing, eye contact—these all play a role in how connection is built. Reflecting on that has reminded Brenda to slow down and stay attuned to the subtle signals that shape every session.

She also spoke about the therapist’s own influence. When she hopes a client will show up honestly, she checks in with herself first. Is she grounded? Genuine? Focused? Clients pick up on far more than just words, and the quality of her presence often sets the tone for the session.

Another key takeaway from her review: it’s not about getting things perfect. What matters is the effort. A “good enough” relationship—steady, consistent, and responsive—often lays the groundwork for growth and change. Research continues to affirm what Brenda has long believed: the relationship itself is central.

Looking back on these episodes, Brenda isn’t interested in dramatic overhauls. Instead, she’s noticing the small shifts—how she listens, how she waits, how she reflects. The studies she’s revisited have only deepened her belief that therapy isn’t about fixing people—it’s about walking with them.

As she was taught, people don’t come to therapy to be told what to do. They come because they need someone willing to be in it with them. And for Brenda, continuing to learn—through research and reflection—is part of staying present for that work.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Review of clinical applications for research presented in April episodes #35-39

39. The Research on Mimicking and Connection

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 07:00:00 -0400

There are so many things that influence a therapy session—and not all of them are spoken.

In this episode, Brenda is continuing the exploration into the less obvious dynamics that shape the therapeutic relationship. Encouragement, presence, attunement—they’re all part of the work. But there are also layers we don’t always consciously notice. One of those layers is mimicking.

Brenda walks us through the research that supports this—multiple studies showing that when someone is subtly mimicked through facial expressions, posture, or gestures, they often report that the interaction felt smoother. They tend to feel more positively about the person they were speaking with. In fact, across different ages and settings, people who were mimicked even became more generous and helpful.

Mimicking is something humans naturally do. It’s often unconscious and pro-social—it helps us feel connected. And while it shows up in all kinds of settings (sales, parenting, interviews), it holds particular meaning in the therapy room.

Therapy is a unique kind of relationship. It’s a space where Brenda wants clients to know that even if we don’t see something the same way, the relationship is still safe. If there’s a disagreement or a shift in tone, she doesn't hide it. We don’t have to match on everything for the relationship to hold. In fact, being able to stay connected in the presence of difference can deepen trust.

So as you move through your day, consider the ways these small cues—like mimicking—show up in your own interactions.

References:

Carpenter, M., Uebel, J., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Being Mimicked Increases Prosocial Behavior in 18-Month-Old Infants. Child Development, 84(5), 1511–1518. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/cdev.12083

Ekman, P. (2016). What scientists who study emotion agree about. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(1), 31–34. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1745691615596992

Patterson, M. L., Fridlund, A. J., & Crivelli, C. (2023). Four misconceptions about nonverbal communication. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(6), 1388–1411. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/17456916221148142

38. Increasing Alignment in the Therapy Room: Ways to Make Sense of Differences Between Statements and Nonverbal Signals

Wed, 23 Apr 2025 07:00:00 -0400

In therapy, we often listen closely to what’s being said—but what’s not being said can sometimes offer even more insight.

A client may describe their week as “fine” or say they’re “managing,” but their body is heavy, their eyes are downcast, and their facial expressions suggest something else entirely. This kind of misalignment—between verbal language and nonverbal signals—isn’t uncommon.

In today’s episode, Brenda explores what’s happening when someone’s internal emotional state doesn’t match how they present on the outside. Brenda brings in the foundational work of Jaak Panksepp and team, who identified core emotional systems and how they influence behavior to further explore this phenomena. She reviews Panksepp’s idea that different emotional systems in the brain—like the grief system and the seeking system—can become imbalanced. Someone might be in a state of deep sadness or loss, but still trying to push forward and find meaning, and the result is a presentation that appears disconnected.

She also touches on the work of Paul Ekman, whose research on facial expressions helps us understand how emotions show up across the face—often before a person is even aware of what they’re feeling. This is where things can get especially valuable in therapy. When we’re better able to recognize the multiple ways clients signal what they’re feeling, we’re better equipped to meet clients where they actually are, not just where they say they are.

This episode is less about confronting inconsistencies and more about using them as information. This conversation offers practical insight into what it means to really pay attention to the signals that often go unspoken—and how those signals can guide deeper, more attuned work.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. Holt.

Jaak Panksepp & Lucy Biven. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

37. Strengthening Relationship Patterns Through Disruption and Repair

Wed, 16 Apr 2025 07:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Brenda explores how relationships—whether with clients in our professional lives or in our personal lives—are strengthened not by perfection, but by disruption and repair. Drawing from Beebe and Lachmann’s 1994 paper, she explains how the concept of a "good enough therapist" and the ability to repair mistakes is essential in building trust and deepening connections.

Beebe and Lachmann’s paper identifies three core principles that enhance relationships: ongoing regulations, disruption and repair, and heightened affective moments. Their work shows that there’s no such thing as a perfect bond. What leads to success in therapy is how we act throughout the process, including handling moments of disruption and repair that enhance the connection afterward.

Brenda shares a personal story from her podcasting experience. She made a mistake by using the wrong term for a facial feature when she first introduced the concept in some early episodes, which could have led to a loss of trust with her listeners. However, instead of letting the disruption define the situation, she realized it as an opportunity to repair the relationship and reestablish trust with her audience—an important reminder for therapists too.

This aligns with Beebe and Lachmann principles which emphasize that disruptions aren’t something to fear. Rather, repairing them is what strengthens the bond in the course of the relationship. Their work also highlights heightened affective moments—unexpected events that challenge the usual pattern. These moments, while uncomfortable, can deepen the connection if handled with care.

Brenda’s experience demonstrates how, like with clients, it’s not about avoiding mistakes but embracing them as opportunities to rebuild trust. Both in therapy and in our personal lives, synchrony—the ongoing effort to connect and reconnect after disruption—is what fosters stronger, more trusting relationships.

References:

Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F. M. (1994). Representation and Internalization in Infancy: Three Principles of Salience. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 11(2), 127–165.

Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. Holt.

D.W. Winnicott’s idea of “good enough” in Playing and Reality. (1971, Penguin).

36. How Animals Detect Human Nervous System States Through Scent

Wed, 09 Apr 2025 07:00:00 -0400

Brenda has often shrugged off the question, “Can horses really smell fear?” But in this episode, she takes a closer look—and the research is fascinating.

When someone walks into their first equine session feeling nervous, it’s not just body language the horse is picking up on. There’s now scientific evidence that animals, including horses, can detect chemosignals—part of the odors released through human sweat that reflect emotional states like fear or calm.

One study Brenda shares involves a group of 40 retrievers exposed to human body odor samples. The dogs responded differently based on the emotional state tied to each scent. Similar studies are now being done with horses, and early results are showing the same kind of nervous system alignment.

Horses have an incredibly sensitive sense of smell. They don’t just react in the moment—they remember scents, too. This adds a whole new dimension to the healing encounters that happen in equine-assisted therapy. It’s not just about how humans approach the horse physically, but also what they’re unconsciously communicating through scent.

Brenda emphasizes how this research opens the door to a fuller picture of what's really happening during treatment. These chemical signals—things we often don’t realize we’re giving off—can shape the way an encounter unfolds, whether we intend it or not.

It’s a humbling realization. As Brenda points out, it challenges practitioners to consider not only the emotional needs of the humans in the space but also the subtle cues the horses receive.

By paying attention to these less obvious factors, we gain a deeper appreciation for the human-animal connection—and for the complexity of healing work done alongside our four-legged partners.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Janet Jones, Ph.D., (2020). Horse Brain: Human Brain: The Neuroscience of Horsemanship. Trafalgar Square.

Palumbo, R. V., Marraccini, M. E., Weyandt, L. L., Wilder-Smith, O., McGee, H. A., Liu, S., & Goodwin, M. S. (2017). Interpersonal autonomic physiology: A systematic review of the literature. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(2), 99–141. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1088868316628405 Semin, G. R., Scandurra, A., Baragli, P., Lanatà, A., & D’Aniello, B. (2019). Inter- and Intra-Species Communication of Emotion: Chemosignals as the Neglected Medium. Animals (2076-2615), 9(11), 887. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.3390/ani9110887

35. Exploring Physiological Synchrony in Therapy Settings

Wed, 02 Apr 2025 07:00:00 -0400

By exploring the latest research on how our nervous systems interact—whether between humans or across species—Brenda aims to provide therapists with the knowledge to deepen their connections with clients and improve therapeutic outcomes.

In recent podcast episodes, Brenda has explored how physiological interactions, both between humans and animals, can impact therapeutic outcomes. Through research on heart rate variability (HRV) and the autonomic nervous system, she reveals new ways therapists can enhance client connections and regulation during therapy.

Earlier episodes laid the groundwork for understanding HRV and its importance to mental and physical health. These ideas provide valuable context for understanding how our nervous systems sync during therapy, deepening the connection between therapist and client.

In today’s episode, Brenda looks at a systematic study on interpersonal physiology, that reviewed multiple studies on physiological synchrony. This research shows how nervous systems align during therapy, influencing both the therapist and client. The findings also reveal that physiological responses are unpredictable and depend on the relationship and situation, which is why it’s essential for therapists to be mindful of these shifts.

Brenda also takes a closer look at animal-assisted therapy, particularly the physiological connection between humans and horses. A second study is presented that shows the bidirectional nature of this interaction—where both the human and the horse influence each other’s physiological states.

Understanding the physiological exchanges that happen in therapy can profoundly change how therapists approach their work. By being aware of how nervous systems interact—whether between humans or with animals—therapists can gain a deeper understanding of their clients' needs.

References:

Beatrice Beebe: https://www.beatricebeebe.com/

Callara, A. L., Scopa, C., Contalbrigo, L., Lanatà, A., Scilingo, E. P., Baragli, P., & Greco, A. (2024). Unveiling directional physiological coupling in human-horse interactions. IScience, 27(9). https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.110857

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

34. Observing Physical Reactions to Strengthen Interventions

Wed, 26 Mar 2025 07:00:00 -0400

Mental and physical health don’t operate in isolation; they influence each other in profound ways. Stress, anxiety, and emotional distress often manifest physically, whether through muscle tension, changes in posture, or even pupil dilation. But what do we do with this information as therapists? Understanding these real-time physical responses can provide deeper insight into a client’s emotional state and the effectiveness of our interventions.

Eye movements, pupil dilation, and facial expressions offer powerful clues about what’s happening internally. Research from nonverbal communication experts like Judy Burgoon and team, and Paul Ekman has demonstrated how eye behaviors reflect emotions such as attraction, interest, or distress.

For therapists, this means that observing a client’s eye behavior during a session can help assess whether an intervention is resonating. Is their gaze steady, signaling engagement? Do they avert their eyes, suggesting overwhelm? These cues can help clinicians refine their approach in real-time.

By paying attention to eye behaviors and other physical responses, therapists can move beyond verbal communication and tap into deeper, often unconscious, emotional states. The ability to discern these real-time reactions can lead to more effective interventions and a greater understanding of each client’s internal experience.

As we continue exploring ways to refine therapy practices, these insights serve as a reminder that healing happens on multiple levels. By learning to read the body's signals, we gain another tool to support our clients in meaningful ways.

References:

Burgoon, J.K., Manusov, V., & Guerro, L. (2022).Nonverbal Communication. 2nd Ed. Routledge.

Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. Holt.

vanOyen Witvliet, C., Knoll, R. W., Hinman, N. G., & DeYoung, P. A. (2010). Compassion-focused reappraisal, benefit-focused reappraisal, and rumination after an interpersonal offense: Emotion-regulation implications for subjective emotion, linguistic responses, and physiology. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 226–242. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/17439761003790997

33. How Your Natural Skills as a Therapist Help Improve HRV and How to Strengthen The Impact

Wed, 19 Mar 2025 07:00:00 -0400

Heart rate variability (HRV) plays a crucial role in emotional regulation and mental health. Research shows that higher HRV is linked to improved well-being, making it an important consideration for therapists. In this episode, Brenda continues the discussion on HRV, exploring how it connects to psychotherapy and how clinicians can integrate it into their practice.

In this episode, Brenda reviewed an article written by Dr. Donald Moss who highlights how the vagus nerve acts as a “two-way highway” between the brain, heart, and gut, directly influencing stress regulation, emotional flexibility, and social engagement. Brenda reviews his insights and discusses how HRV can be improved through practical therapeutic approaches.

Deb Dana, known for applying Porges’ Polyvagal Theory to therapy, reinforces his concept of neuroception—our subconscious ability to detect safety or danger through nonverbal cues like tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language. When clients feel safe, they are better able to regulate emotions and engage in therapy more effectively.

Brenda emphasizes that therapists can support HRV and mental well-being by:

Creating a safe and attuned therapeutic environment
Encouraging co-regulation and reliable relationships
Engaging in shared activities that foster connection

Even without biofeedback tools, therapists naturally enhance HRV by fostering safety and connection in their sessions. As Brenda continues to explore HRV in upcoming episodes, she will dive deeper into how clinicians can recognize and support physiological regulation in their clients, leading to better therapeutic outcomes.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Deb Dana (2018). The Polyvagal Theory in Therapy: Engaging the Rhythm of Regulation. WW Norton & Company, Ltd.

Moss, D. (2025). Brain-Heart Interactions and Optimizing Psychotherapy. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Preprints, 1–8. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10484-025-09692-3

32. The Connection Between Horse and Human HRV—Why It’s Important

Wed, 12 Mar 2025 07:00:00 -0400

In this episode, Brenda dives into two studies about heart rate variability (HRV) in horses and humans, and how they can inform therapy practices. These studies reveal some surprising similarities between our nervous systems and those of horses, giving us new ways to think about improving therapeutic approaches.

The first study, published in 2011 by Drs. Gerke, Baldwin, and Schiltz, measured HRV in horses during equine-assisted therapy. The findings showed that HRV in horses follows the same patterns as in humans, confirming that both species share similar nervous system responses. This discovery opened avenues for understanding how measuring HRV in humans and horses during equine-assisted services could illuminate ways to enhance our approaches.

The second study focused on how eye temperature in horses can indicate stress. When horses experience stress, their eye temperature rises, reflecting changes in their nervous systems. This provides another valuable tool for understanding nervous system activation and emotional responses, especially in high-stress situations.

For mental health clinicians, these studies highlight the importance of recognizing physical cues, like eye contact that can also provide signals about nervous system regulation, to better understand a patient’s emotional state. Being able to identify when a patient’s nervous system is activated helps us time our interventions more effectively. If we notice stress or tension, we can help the patient regulate before diving into deeper therapeutic work, making our approach more effective and responsive.

As therapy continues to evolve, understanding these subtle signs will help clinicians create more effective interventions by aligning with the patient’s current emotional and physical needs.

References:

Evans, L., Cameron-Whytock, H., & Ijichi, C. (2024). Eye understand: Physiological measures as novel predictors of adaptive learning in horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 271, 1–10. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.106152

Gehrke, E. K., Baldwin, A., & Schiltz, P. M. (2011). Heart Rate Variability in Horses Engaged in Equine-Assisted Activities. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 31(2), 78–84. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2010.12.007

Panksepp, J. (2009). Brain emotional systems and qualities of mental life: From animal models of affect to implications for psychotherapeutics. In D. Fosha, D. J., Siegel, & M. F. Solomon (Eds.), The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development & clinical practice (pp. 1-26). New York, NY: Norton.

Porges, S. W. (2009). Reciprocal influences between body and brain in the perception and expression of affect: A Polyvagal perspective. In D. Fosha, D. J., Siegel, & M. F. Solomon, M. (Eds.), The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development & clinical practice (pp. 27-54). New York, NY: Norton.

31. Understanding Heart Rate Variability to Improve Therapy Outcomes

Wed, 05 Mar 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Heart rate variability (HRV) is one of the most powerful yet often overlooked indicators of both mental and physical health. It’s closely linked to anxiety, depression, trauma, heart disease, and more. But for therapists, HRV offers even greater value—it provides insight into whether a patient is in shutdown, stuck in fight-or-flight mode, or able to engage and process emotions.

While traditional therapy often focuses on thoughts and behaviors, the nervous system plays a critical role in whether interventions actually succeed. A patient stuck in survival mode cannot engage in deep reflection or emotional processing, no matter how skilled the therapist is. Recognizing these physiological patterns allows clinicians to adjust their approach, making sessions more effective and creating a sense of safety for the patient.

In this episode, Brenda explains the science behind heart rate variability and connects it to Polyvagal Theory and practical therapy work. She also introduces biofeedback as a powerful tool to help patients strengthen their ability to shift between nervous system states.

By understanding HRV, therapists can better support their patients and enhance the effectiveness of their therapy sessions.

References:

Bradshaw, G. A., & Schore, A. N. (2007). How elephants are opening doors: Developmental neuroethology, attachment and social context. Ethology, 113, 426-436.

Deb Dana (2018). The Polyvagal Theory in Therapy: Engaging the Rhythm of Regulation. WW Norton & Company, Ltd.

Inna Khazan (2013). The Clinical Handbook of Biofeedback: A Step-by-Step Guide for Training and Practice with Mindfulness. Wiley-Blackwell.

30. How Do We Know When Mental Health Needs Support?

Wed, 26 Feb 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Mental health is deeply personal and shaped by emotional well-being, behavioral adjustment, and the ability to handle daily life. Emotions like anxiety and depression are normal responses to challenges, but when they interfere with functioning, they may require support. The key question is: When does a normal emotional experience become a mental health condition?

Brenda explains that two central questions help guide this understanding: How do we define mental health, and how do we recognize when it’s interfering with life? Everyone experiences emotions like sadness and anxiety. These conditions only become problematic when they are too severe for someone to thrive.

Determining this often relies on self-reporting or, in the case of children, input from parents or teachers. Mental and physical health are also closely connected—many conditions coexist, though research has yet to determine exactly how they influence each other. Correlation does not mean causation, but understanding these links can improve treatment.

People seek therapy hoping to feel better, but Brenda asks—how much better could they be? Assessing severity is crucial to providing the right support. She is exploring new ways to evaluate mental health by studying relationships and emotional interactions. Equine-assisted therapy, for example, offers insight into emotions through how horses respond to humans.

Mental health is complex, but by deepening our understanding of its connection to physical health and relationships, we can better identify, assess, and support those seeking help.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

29. Understanding Mental Health and How Healing Begins

Wed, 19 Feb 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Mental health is a complex and essential part of our lives, but many people overlook how many ways we can improve it. Therapy is often the go-to solution, but it’s only one piece of the puzzle. So, what does mental health really mean, and how can we know when we’ve made progress?

This week, Brenda has been reflecting on these big questions and exploring what mental health and healing truly look like. As she dug deeper into this, she wanted to go back to the basics and examine the core ideas behind mental health itself.

Brenda looked to the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), an organization dedicated to supporting those affected by mental health challenges. These organizations see mental health as emotional well-being, the ability to cope with daily stresses, and form meaningful relationships. Essentially, it’s about living life in a balanced way, being able to function in work, school, and at home without feeling overwhelmed.

But what about healing? When someone is struggling with their mental health, how can they return to balance? NAMI reminds us that mental health challenges are very common—one in five adults and one in six children face mental health issues each year.

Brenda also thought about how to improve mental health when professional help is hard to come by. Nearly half the US population lives in areas without enough mental health professionals. This makes it even more crucial to know that there are steps people can take on their own to improve mental health before seeking out a professional. Regular exercise, eating well, staying hydrated, getting enough sleep, and practicing gratitude can make a big difference. Building social connections is another important factor. Staying connected with others helps improve emotional well-being and can prevent isolation.

Brenda reminds listeners that healing isn’t always linear, but there are things we can all do to feel better and live with more balance.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

American Psychological Association (APA)

https://www.apa.org/topics/mental-health

Jaak Panksepp(2009). Brain emotional systems and qualities of mental life: From animal models of affect to implications for psychotherapeutics. In D. Fosha, D. J., Siegel, & M. F. Solomon (Eds.), The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development & clinical practice (pp. 1-26). New York, NY: Norton.

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. pp. 12-17.

Allan Schore, https://www.allanschore.com/

28. Brenda and Kinsey Rone on the Power of Therapist Connection

Wed, 12 Feb 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Brenda and Kinsey bring their series to a close with one final episode—but this time, the tables turn. Instead of Kinsey leading the conversation, Brenda takes the opportunity to ask Kinsey a few questions about what led her to pursue psychology, her motivations, and the licensing that shaped her career.

Kinsey shares how her path in mental health counseling has been heavily focused on clinical skills, holding an LCPC, and her dedication to always learning more.

This conversation is a beautiful reflection of what this podcast has become—a space for like-minded professionals to learn, challenge, and support one another. Brenda shares how collaboration with other therapists has made her better in her own practice. Therapists often work in isolation, but that doesn’t mean they have to feel alone.

More than anything, this episode highlights the importance of relationships within the therapist community. You’ll hear how Brenda and Kinsey push each other to grow, support each other in their respective practices, and create a space where others can find that same sense of connection.

“This is what we’re building in the Connection Community.”

Whether you're a therapist, a student, or simply someone passionate about psychology, this podcast is here to support you. I hope you find encouragement, and I hope you feel supported—because none of us are in this alone. For More Information about our Guest:

Kinsey Rone, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor

www.keycounselingllc.com

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

27. More Than a Profession: Brenda’s Love for Psychology

Wed, 05 Feb 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Brenda and her colleague and friend, Kinsey Rone, LCPC, continue their conversation from last week, digging deeper into what drives Brenda’s work and the heart behind it. This isn’t just about therapy—it’s about the love for psychology that inspired the podcast and the curiosity that keeps her learning.

So much of this work is about staying open. Open to learning. Open to new perspectives. Open to the reality that no one gets it right all the time. That same openness is what fuels Brenda’s curiosity about human behavior and makes her so dedicated to this field.

A question that comes up is, what breaks your heart?

For Brenda, it’s seeing the weight people carry and how their past experiences have shaped them. Everyone develops ways to protect themselves, and those patterns can be hard to break. But when someone begins to trust the process, even just a little, it’s a powerful thing to witness.

This conversation offers more than just insight into therapy—it’s a chance to understand Brenda on a deeper level. To see what moves her, why she does this work, and how psychology isn’t just a profession for her, but something in which she deeply believes and to which she is deeply committed.

For More Information about our Guest:

Kinsey Rone, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor

www.keycounselingllc.com

References:

Blakemore, C., & Cooper, G.F. (1970). Development of the brain depends on the visual environment. In the journal, Nature, (228), pp. 477-478

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

26. A Conversation with Brenda: Exploring Passion and Purpose in Therapy

Wed, 29 Jan 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Today’s episode is a special one. We’re switching things up as Brenda takes a seat on the other side of the conversation. Joining her is longtime friend and colleague, Kinsey Rone, a fellow mental health therapist who knows Brenda’s journey in the field firsthand. But today, Kinsey isn’t just here as a friend—she’s here to interview Brenda, giving listeners an opportunity to hear her story, her passion, and the deeper motivations behind her work.

Many listeners know Brenda as a dedicated mental health therapist, but her work goes beyond sitting with clients in a therapy session. She has built a career that intertwines clinical practice with research and assessment, always seeking to understand mental health from a deeper, evidence-based perspective. In today’s conversation, Brenda opens up about the experiences that have influenced her work and how she continues to grow in her approach to supporting others.

For More Information about our Guest:

Kinsey Rone, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor

www.keycounselingllc.com

25. Aligning Intentions and Actions: Lessons from Dance Therapy

Wed, 22 Jan 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Non-verbal communication holds incredible power in therapy. In today’s episode Brenda highlights the intersection of Dance Movement Therapy and Video microanalysis, inspired by research from Rebecca Houghton and Dr. Beatrice Beebe. Together, these approaches offer new insights into movement and communication in therapeutic settings.

Brenda reflects on how actions and movements often reveal more about interactions than words. Drawing from her favorite research articles, she explains how Dance Movement Therapy and video microanalysis influence her own practices, including work with young children and animals. Brenda emphasizes that movement is a significant part of how we communicate and connect, often conveying emotions and intentions more clearly than words can.

One example she shares is an 80-second interaction analyzed by Rebecca Houghton, which highlights how subtle body language can send messages that don’t align with our intentions. Brenda uses this insight to reflect on in her own research, noting how watching herself back has revealed mismatches between her body language and the messages she intended to convey. These moments can be humbling, but they open the door to growth. By aligning her intentions with her physical presence, Brenda has learned to create deeper connections with her clients.

This work also extends to broader therapeutic practices, including animal-assisted therapy, where understanding non-verbal cues is equally critical. Movement and awareness, Brenda explains, have the potential to transform interactions and deepen relationships across all forms of therapy.

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Houghton, R. & Beebe, B., (2016).Dance/Movement Therapy: Learning to Look Through Video Microanalysis. American Journal of Dance Therapy. DOI 10.1007/s10465-016-9226-0

Dr. Beatrice Beebe, https://www.beatricebeebe.com/

Kestenberg Movement Profile: https://kestenbergmovementprofile.org/

Laban Movement Analysis: https://labaninternational.org/scope-of-practice/movement-analysis/

24. Exploring the Research Behind Awe Walks and Their Emotional Impact

Wed, 15 Jan 2025 08:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Brenda unpacks a research study that explores the profound impact of something as simple as a walk. The study focused on older adults and how engaging with awe during a walk could change their emotional and mental well-being.

Participants were asked to take weekly walks and snap photos along the way—pictures of themselves and anything that caught their attention. They were encouraged to seek out things that sparked wonder, whether it was the beauty of a natural setting or something unexpected.

What the study revealed was fascinating. The participants who sought out awe in their surroundings tended to take photos where their surroundings took up more of the frame, and over time focused less on themselves. This focus on the environment, or the “small self,” suggested that by shifting their attention away from themselves, they felt more connected to the world around them. Their smiles were also significantly more intense—an indication of emotional uplift.

Brenda discusses how this shift in perspective can be applied in therapy. Whether in therapy or at home, the act of intentionally seeking awe can bring about significant shifts in mood and self-perception.

The takeaway here is simple but impactful, emphasizing that even the slightest shift in perspective can have a meaningful impact.

References:

Sturm, V. E., Datta, S., Roy, A. R. K., Sible, I. J., Kosik, E. L., Veziris, C. R., Chow, T. E., Morris, N. A., Neuhaus, J., Kramer, J. H., Miller, B. L., Holley, S. R., & Keltner, D. (2022). Big smile, small self: Awe walks promote prosocial positive emotions in older adults. Emotion, 22(5), 1044–1058. https://doi-org.pgi.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/emo0000876

23. How Erikson’s Stage 5 Guides Therapy for Adolescents

Wed, 08 Jan 2025 08:00:00 -0400

Today, Brenda wraps up her series on Erik Erikson’s 8-stage model by focusing on Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion, a pivotal phase for adolescents aged 12-18. This stage, that Brenda often calls the "trying on coats" phase, is all about self-discovery and the search for identity.

Why is this important? As Brenda explains, understanding Erikson’s stages gives therapists a framework to contextualize what they hear in sessions. Adolescents are impressionable, and their brains are still developing rapidly, processing new information and experiences at an incredible pace. This constant evolution makes them emotionally and cognitively unique.

Brenda emphasizes the importance of having concrete, candid conversations in therapy. Discussing choices and explaining the reasoning behind decisions helps teens open up about their feelings. Establishing boundaries around confidentiality—particularly highlighting safety limits—builds trust while ensuring guardians are involved when necessary.

Through Erikson’s lens, Brenda offers a valuable guide for helping teens navigate this critical period of growth, where the foundation of their identity begins to take shape.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Holmberg, B.,Why Does Time Move Faster as We Get Older?: Time gets faster as we age because we change more slowly (retrieved August 23, 2024) at https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-science-of-self/202404/why-does-time-move-faster-as-we-get-older

Understanding the Role of the Brain and Neurochemistry at

https://www.oohctoolbox.org.au/brain-neurochemistry-adolescence

McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process (2nd ed.)Guilford Press.

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

22. Understanding and Supporting the Industry vs. Inferiority Stage in Therapy

Wed, 18 Dec 2024 08:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Brenda takes listeners into the 4th stage of Erikson’s model—Industry vs. Inferiority. This stage, typically between the ages of 6 and 11, is all about children figuring out their abilities and learning to feel competent. Brenda highlights how, during this stage, kids start putting in a lot of effort, but they’re also grappling with the reality that they can’t always be the best, even when they've tried their hardest.

As mental health therapists, it’s essential to understand the internal conflict that children in this stage often face. They’re trying to balance their efforts with self-doubt, and that can feel overwhelming. Kids also begin to care deeply about peer relationships during this time, which can heighten their sensitivity to how others perceive them.

Brenda shares how this stage often looks quieter in therapy. There might not be noticeable progress at first glance, but there’s a lot happening beneath the surface. Kids are exploring their self-worth through play, their effort, and their interactions. As therapists, our role is to stay curious about their internal world and validate their experiences. It’s about guiding them to recognize that their value isn’t just in being the best, but in the effort they put into what they do.

Brenda also touches on the challenges of unstructured time, like winter breaks. For some children, the lack of routine during these times can be unsettling and impact their emotional regulation. As therapists, it’s important to help create structure during these breaks and to help children understand and manage these shifts.

In this episode, Brenda offers valuable insight into how we, as mental health therapists, can support children in this sensitive stage. By being attuned to their emotional needs and validating their efforts, we can help them navigate this phase with resilience and confidence.

Connect with Brenda with the link below:

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Anna Freud. (1946). The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children. New York, NY: International Univ. Press.

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

21. A Closer Look at Erikson’s Stage 3: Navigating Initiative vs. Guilt in Early Childhood

Wed, 04 Dec 2024 08:00:00 -0400

In this week’s episode, Brenda brings listeners into one of her favorite stages in Erikson’s eight-stage model: Stage 3, which focuses on children aged 3 to 5. This is the stage of initiative versus guilt, a time when little ones are beginning to assert their independence and explore the world in new and exciting ways.

Brenda reframes the concept of “initiative” into something easier to grasp. It’s that spark of independence we see when children try new things and take their first steps toward confidence. This stage is all about testing boundaries and discovering what they’re capable of doing.

This is one of the most honest stages of development. Before children learn the social rules that shape interactions later, they live authentically. Their emotions, thoughts, and desires are out in the open, and they’re just starting to realize they are unique individuals. But it’s also a huge transition—from living solely in the safety of home to stepping out into the world.

Helping children navigate their emotions is a big part of this stage. They’re learning to express feelings that seem to burst out of them at times. As therapists, we can give them space for these emotions to move while helping them understand what they’re feeling.

At this stage, the world feels enormous to a 3- to 5-year-old. Everything is new, unfamiliar, and sometimes overwhelming. Brenda shares how children are filled with curiosity but also need support and guidance to feel safe as they explore.

This stage is about giving them room to grow—emotionally, socially, and physically—while also providing a foundation of understanding.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References:

Anna Freud. (1946). The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children. New York, NY: International Univ. Press.

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

Pat Parelli - Natural Horsemanship, www.parelli.com

20. Understanding Autonomy vs. Shame: A Closer Look at Erikson’s Second Stage of Development

Wed, 20 Nov 2024 08:00:00 -0400

Brenda introduces Erikson’s second stage of development, Autonomy vs. Shame, and highlights the importance of supporting a child’s growing sense of independence. Occurring between the ages of 18 months and 3 years, this stage is a pivotal time when toddlers begin to explore their abilities and assert their own choices.

At this stage, children are just beginning to understand that they are separate from the people around them. This newfound awareness can lead to a desire for autonomy, but it can also bring feelings of shame and doubt when they face challenges or are met with disapproval. Supporting a child at this stage requires a close relationship with the caregivers to ensure the child feels both supported and empowered.

Brenda gives a closer look into what therapy looks like during this stage but also gives excellent guidance on communicating during this stage. One crucial element during Stage 2 is rapprochement, which refers to the back-and-forth dynamic between a child and their caregiver. This term describes a child's growing awareness of their independence and their need to return to the caregiver for reassurance.

Even if you’re not working with toddlers or preschoolers, understanding the struggles of autonomy vs. shame is important. Issues that arise in Stage 2 can echo into later stages of life. Understanding the potential long-term effects of early developmental challenges can be valuable for therapists working with children, teens, and adults.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Anna Freud. (1946). The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children. New York, NY: International Univ. Press.

Margaret Mahler’s Rapprochement in referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

19. Understanding Children Through Erikson’s First Stage of Development

Wed, 06 Nov 2024 08:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Brenda introduces Erikson’s first stage of development, Trust vs. Mistrust, and explores how to understand a child’s world beyond direct questions. This foundational stage, typically ranging from 0-18 months old, lays the groundwork for their entire emotional and cognitive development, making it essential to tune into behaviors and subtle cues rather than relying on verbal answers alone.

In Erikson’s model, the first stage of development — Trust vs. Mistrust — is all about creating a safe and dependable environment for a child. When children sense that their caregivers and surroundings are trustworthy, they begin to feel secure and more willing to explore, learn, and engage with others.

For caregivers and therapists, understanding Trust vs. Mistrust in children involves careful observation and assessment, focusing on subtle behaviors that reveal the child’s level of comfort, attachment, and sense of security.

Erikson’s model provides a framework for understanding child development that’s rooted in the idea of stages — each of which builds on the previous one. In the case of Trust vs. Mistrust, establishing trust is essential for all future growth.

The model isn’t about specific therapeutic interventions, but rather a guide for observing developmental milestones and assessing whether a child is experiencing the security needed to reach them.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Lou Cozolino. (2024, 4th ed). The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology).

Anna Freud. (1946). The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children. New York, NY: International Univ. Press.

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

Bessel Van der Kolk (2015). The Body Keeps the Score.

18. The Role of Developmental Stages in Child Therapy

Wed, 23 Oct 2024 07:00:00 -0400

In today's episode, Brenda shares her experience working with children in therapy and how understanding child development can make therapy more effective. Measuring progress with kids can be tricky, as they often can’t express how they feel or recognize changes. What may look like simple play can actually be therapeutic when approached with the right understanding of where the child is developmentally.

Brenda takes a developmental approach, emphasizing that emotional and psychological growth in children isn’t as easily defined as physical growth. Trauma can disrupt development, so it’s crucial to observe behaviors within the context of the child’s age and experiences.

Brenda walks listeners through Erik Erikson’s eight-stage model of psychological development, explaining how these stages offer a roadmap for understanding where children should be emotionally and psychologically at different ages. By using this model, Brenda helps ensure that therapy stays aligned with a child’s needs and developmental goals, offering a framework for both parents and therapists to understand progress more clearly.

Through these models therapists can help children grow emotionally and mentally at their own pace, ensuring therapy truly supports their long-term well-being.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Anna Freud. (1946). The Psycho-Analytical Treatment of Children. New York, NY: International Univ. Press.

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

17. Social Learning and Emotional Bonds: What We Can Learn from Humans and Animals

Fri, 11 Oct 2024 23:07:00 -0400

This week, Brenda brings listeners into a research-based episode to explore the fascinating concept of social learning and emotional transference, touching on the profound ways these ideas shape our understanding of human and animal behavior.

Social learning—learning through observation—goes beyond simple imitation. It's about how we absorb emotions, behaviors, and intentions from those around us. Through Brenda’s discussion, she takes a closer look at how infants can even recognize the reliability of adults, how emotions are transferred among animals and humans, and how these insights open up new questions about emotional bonds and relationships.

This research is a powerful reminder of the importance of practices like play intervention therapy and animal-assisted therapy. Play therapy allows children to express their emotions in a safe, controlled environment, helping them learn to identify their feelings, understand the behaviors of others, and develop crucial social and emotional skills.

Animal-assisted therapy, on the other hand, taps into the deep, universal bond between animals and humans. Animals can help children recognize and respond to emotional cues, teaching empathy, emotional regulation, and connection in ways that words alone often can’t.

As Brenda brings listeners into these ideas, she leaves us with bigger questions: What are we truly picking up from others? How do we interpret the emotional signals and behaviors we see? Through understanding social learning and emotional transference, we can become more mindful of our actions, emotions, and how others are learning from us.

And with animal-assisted therapy, there is so much more to uncover about how these emotional connections can shape healing, growth, and deeper understanding in therapeutic settings.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Aronson, E. (2004). The Social animal (9th ed.). Worth Publishers.

Lingiardi, V. & McWilliams, N., (Eds.). (2017). Psychodynamic diagnostic manual (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Poulin-Dubois, D., & Brosseau-Liard, P. (2016). The Developmental Origins of Selective Social Learning. Current directions in psychological science, 25(1), 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415613962

Trösch, M., Pellon, S., Cuzol, F. et al. Horses feel emotions when they watch positive and negative horse–human interactions in a video and transpose what they saw to real life. Anim Cogn 23, 643–653 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01369-0

16. Transference in Therapy: How Animals Help Us Understand Non-Verbal Cues

Wed, 25 Sep 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Animals have a unique ability to signal non-verbally, reflecting our internal emotional states. By learning to interpret these signals, therapists can enhance their effectiveness and deepen their understanding of clients.

In today’s episode Brenda highlights transference—the phenomenon where feelings about one person are unconsciously redirected to another. This is especially relevant in therapy settings, where non-verbal cues can reveal much about a client's emotional landscape.

Understanding transference is crucial for therapists. For instance, when a child enters a therapy session, their emotional state can be influenced by their surroundings. If the waiting area feels unsafe, the child may carry anxiety and fear into the session, which can be reflected in their body language and facial expressions.

Brenda notes that these emotions can create a feeling tone that transfers across the room. A child might perceive an adult as threatening simply due to a misread of non-verbal cues. In this way, the child’s relational patterns—shaped by previous experiences—can impact their current interactions.

Brenda emphasizes that animals help illuminate these non-verbal patterns of relationships. Animals play a critical role in enhancing our understanding of transference. By observing the interactions between children and therapy animals, we can uncover important emotional patterns and relational dynamics.

Incorporating animals into therapeutic settings offers a powerful way to explore emotional states and non-verbal communication. As we learn to interpret these interactions, we pave the way for deeper understanding and healing.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Jung, C.G. (1989). Memories, dreams, reflections. (A. Jaffé, Ed., R. & C. Winston, Trans.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. (Original work published 1963). p. 212.

Jung, C. G. (1985). The Practice of psychotherapy (H. Read et al., Eds.), The collected works of C. G. Jung (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.) (Vol. 16). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1929). p. 61.

McWilliams, N. (1999). Psychoanalytic case formulation. Guilford Press. P. 106.

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. pp. 12-17.

15. Using Non-Verbal Communication and Animal-Assisted Therapy to Enhance Patient Care

Wed, 11 Sep 2024 07:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Brenda dives into two compelling areas of therapy: the role of projections and non-verbal communication, and the evolving field of animal-assisted therapy. This dual focus provides valuable insights into how therapists can better understand and diagnose their patients.

Brenda starts by exploring projections—those non-verbal behaviors that reveal underlying thoughts, feelings, and experiences. In therapy, understanding these projections is crucial. They often manifest as subtle cues, like body language or facial expressions, that can provide a window into a patient’s emotional state.

Brenda reminds listeners of the importance of deciphering non-verbal communication patterns. By learning to read these patterns, therapists can gain a deeper understanding of their patients.

Brenda also highlights the growing field of animal-assisted therapy and she explains how AAT can offer diagnostic insights that traditional methods might miss. Today’s episode emphasizes the benefits of combining projections, non-verbal communication, and animal-assisted therapy to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

Follow Brenda on Instagram @theconnectiontherapypodcast

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Jaak Panksepp & Lucy Biven. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

Smith AV, Proops L, Grounds K, Wathan J, McComb K. (2016) “Functionally relevant responses to human facial expressions of emotion in the domestic horse (Equus caballus)”. Biol Lett. Feb;12(2):20150907. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0907

14. Understanding and Managing Negative Projections in Child Therapy

Wed, 28 Aug 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Projections are a powerful dynamic in therapy, revealing the hidden emotions and thoughts that children might not even be aware they're expressing. While much attention is given to positive projections, today, Brenda is shifting the focus to the negative ones.

Negative projections are spontaneous and often unconscious, making them challenging to recognize and address. They can show up as statements or behaviors that feel like a blow, not because they are intended to hurt.

In therapy, negative projections might emerge when a child expresses something that feels critical or hurtful. For example, a child might say something that seems accusatory or dismissive. It's important to remember that these statements are not meant to be negative or offensive—they are a reflection of the child's current emotional state and their attempt to make sense of their world.

Brenda emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between what belongs to us and what is being projected onto us by the child. This distinction is crucial in building empathy, as it allows us to understand that the child is not attacking us personally, but rather expressing their struggles in the only way they know how.

It's essential to create a safe space where the child feels comfortable exploring their feelings, even the difficult ones.By approaching these projections with empathy and a genuine desire to understand, we can help children navigate their emotions and improve their social interactions.

Brenda’s insights remind us that these projections are not personal attacks, but rather unconscious expressions of a child’s inner world—expressions that, when understood and addressed, can lead to significant therapeutic progress.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

13. Spotting and Responding to Positive Projections in Child Therapy

Wed, 14 Aug 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Brenda has introduced us to the concept of projections, both positive and negative, and how they appear in our interactions with clients. These projections, especially the positive ones, can be subtle and challenging to identify, yet they play a crucial role in the therapeutic process.

Today, Brenda is focusing on positive projections and how they might show up when working with child clients. These projections are often disguised as compliments or statements that might seem insignificant at first glance but carry deeper meaning. They can be hard to spot because they blend in with everyday conversation.

For example, you might hear a child say something like, “You’re really good at drawing,” or “I wish I could be as smart as you.” While these statements seem innocent, they might actually be projections of the child’s own desires, aspirations, or unmet needs.

When you notice a child client making a positive projection, the first step is to acknowledge it. But don’t stop there—use this as an opportunity to explore what the child might be projecting.

Positive projections provide a valuable opportunity to help children develop empathy and self-awareness. By guiding them to explore why they admire certain traits in others, you’re helping them understand their own feelings and how they relate to others.

By intervening, you help the child bring these thoughts to the surface. This awareness allows them to accelerate their personal growth, as they begin to recognize and articulate their own dreams and aspirations.

It’s a process that transforms a simple statement into a powerful tool for self-discovery and social development. Positive projections, though harder to spot, offer valuable opportunities for therapeutic growth

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

12. Understanding and Reflecting on Projections in Therapy with Children

Wed, 24 Jul 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Children often project their feelings, both positive and negative, onto others as a way to express emotions they cannot fully articulate. These projections are a normal part of development and can provide valuable insights into a child's inner world.

In today’s exploration episode, Brenda shares her findings from her research project on how the children in her study made both positive and negative projections. Understanding these projections can greatly enhance therapeutic practices. Through her study, Brenda has learned to use projections reflectively, which has significantly informed how she now practices therapy.

Brenda shares concrete examples from sessions with a child she calls “Nadine.” Over several sessions, Brenda observed how projections played out. In Session 3, Nadine said, "Please don't leave me, Maddie." This was a significant projection of her fear of abandonment. Later, Nadine expressed, "I think she is sad because she is going to leave me." This projection was her way of processing her feelings about goodbyes, transferring her emotions onto another.

Reflecting back on these projections is crucial. By narrating what happened in the moment, therapists can help clients understand and moderate their emotions. Understanding and working with projections is an ongoing learning process. Through her research and practical application, Brenda saw how valuable it is to recognize and reflect on these projections in therapy.

This approach not only helps clients understand their emotions but also fosters a supportive environment where they can grow and thrive. By integrating these reflective practices, therapists can help clients navigate their emotions more effectively, ultimately leading to better therapeutic outcomes.

Connect with Brenda: https://connection-therapy.com/podcast

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Nancy McWilliams. (2020). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process.

Brenda Murrow, (2013) A Quantitative exploration into the effects of the human and animal connection. (Doctoral dissertation). Pacifica Graduate Institute.

11. Recognizing Eye Movement Patterns to Improve Treatment Effectiveness in Equine Assisted Services: Understanding the Initial Encounter

Wed, 10 Jul 2024 07:00:00 -0400

The first interaction with a horse can be a profound and eye-opening experience. In today’s episode Brenda brings listeners into an exploration of observing the eye contact of the participant during Equine-Assisted Services. These interactions with horses are known for their therapeutic benefits.

Brenda provides listeners with strategies to enhance the treatment’s effectiveness by analyzing the participant’s behaviors during the interaction when meeting the horse. She explains how these behaviors can inform the treatment plan and offer insight into how therapists can can observe and interpret the participant’s eye movements during interactions with the horse,

Brenda examines human eye contact patterns and compares them with the eye contact preferences of different species, including horses. Recognizing and respecting the needs and preferences of animals in therapy is crucial.

Brenda emphasizes that investigating the eye movement patterns of both human participants and horses, as well as their interactions can significantly enhance the effectiveness of animal-assisted therapy. This episode aims to foster a deeper connection and achieve more successful therapeutic outcomes through a better understanding of these dynamics.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Marc Bekoff Animal Passions and Beastly Virtues: Reflections on Redecorating Nature (2006). Temple University Press, Philadelphia.

Rebecca Giggs, “Fathoms: The World in the Whale” quoted in “The Eye of the Whale” by Katarzyna Boni, 2023 Runner Up for Public Discourse Award, retrieved from

https://www.europeanpressprize.com/article/the-eye-of-the-whale/

Dr. Jane Goodall

https://janegoodall.org/

Jane Goodall. (1999). Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey.

Mott, R., Hawthorne, S., & McBride, S. (2020). “Blink rate as a measure of stress and attention in the domestic horse (Equus caballus).” Sci Rep 10, 21409. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78386-z

Gary Karasik, “A Whale Watching” in the Los Angeles Times. August 10, 1986.

Jaak Panksepp & Lucy Biven. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.

Strange Situation and the Adult Attachment Interview

https://mainattachment.org/

10. Assessing Eye Contact Cues to Increase Effectiveness of Interventions

Wed, 26 Jun 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Effective communication is at the heart of successful interactions, whether you are a therapist, teacher, or anyone aiming to improve their relational skills. One often overlooked yet vital aspect of communication is eye contact. Understanding and recognizing eye contact patterns can significantly enhance your ability to connect with others, particularly in a therapeutic setting.

For mental health providers, observing eye contact is not just about noticing where someone is looking, it's about understanding what their gaze patterns reveal about their need for support and connection.

In today’s episode Brenda helps listeners in recognizing these patterns to help you to tailor your interventions more effectively.

Intervening at the right time is crucial for effective communication and support. Here are some guidelines on when to intervene based on eye contact:

Unexpected Situations: During unexpected or challenging situations, observe if the person looks to you for reassurance. This is an opportune moment to intervene, as it shows they trust you to help them navigate the situation.
During Distress: If you notice increased blink rates or downward gazes, it may indicate that the person is experiencing stress or discomfort.

To raise the effectiveness of your interventions, start by observing and responding to eye contact patterns. This approach helps you to gauge the emotional state of your patients to build stronger connections, and tailor your interventions appropriately.

Recognizing and understanding eye contact patterns can significantly enhance your ability to communicate and intervene effectively. By building trust, observing cues, and timing your interventions appropriately, you can support your patients more effectively, leading to better outcomes in your interactions.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Mott, R., Hawthorne, S., & McBride, S. (2020). “Blink rate as a measure of stress and attention in the domestic horse (Equus caballus).” Sci Rep 10, 21409. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78386-z

Brenda Murrow, (2013) A Quantitative exploration into the effects of the human and animal connection. (Doctoral dissertation). Pacifica Graduate Institute.

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation.

Dan Siegel, https://drdansiegel.com/

9. Understanding Blink Rates: What Horses Teach Us About Stress and Therapy

Wed, 12 Jun 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Eye contact is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, conveying emotions, intentions, and levels of engagement. Various studies have explored its significance, revealing how direct gazes can establish trust, convey confidence, and facilitate deeper connections.

In today’s episode Brenda continues her discussion on eye contact and how it appears in research, especially in relation to horses. Understanding eye contact and gazing, not just in humans but in animals like horses, offers a fascinating perspective on emotional communication and stress responses.

One specific area of interest is the blink rate in domestic horses. Studies have shown that blinking increases in horses as they experience stress, a response that is likely similar to humans. When humans are stressed, their blink rate often increases, reflecting heightened anxiety or tension.

How does this research on gazes and blink rates in horses relate to effective therapy? The key lies in the ability to determine the best moments for therapeutic interventions. Just as horses may feel stressed or relaxed based on their blink rate and eye contact, clients in therapy also exhibit non-verbal cues that can indicate their emotional state.

By integrating this knowledge, therapists can enhance their ability to read non-verbal cues, creating more effective and empathetic therapeutic interventions. As Brenda continues her exploration, the connection between research and practice becomes increasingly clear, offering new pathways to understanding and supporting both human and animal emotional well-being.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Paul Ekman, Facial Action Coding System (FACS) https://www.paulekman.com/facial-action-coding-system/

Mott, R., Hawthorne, S., & McBride, S. (2020). “Blink rate as a measure of stress and attention in the domestic horse (Equus caballus).” Sci Rep 10, 21409. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78386-z

Brenda Murrow, (2013) A Quantitative exploration into the effects of the human and animal connection. (Doctoral dissertation). Pacifica Graduate Institute.

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation.

Bessel Van der Kolk (2015). The Body Keeps the Score.

8. Connecting Through Eye Contact: Play Therapy Interventions for Better Eye Contact

Wed, 22 May 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Eye contact plays a crucial role in communication and mental health. It can build connections, enhance understanding, and foster trust. However, making eye contact can be challenging for some individuals.

In today’s episode, Brenda explores the importance of eye contact in therapy and shares practical interventions to help increase eye contact, drawing inspiration from the natural world and play therapy techniques. Brenda's journey into understanding the significance of eye contact began with observing animals. She noted how dogs and wolves use play bows as signals to initiate play, highlighting the importance of non-verbal communication in social interactions.

These observations highlight the importance of play in developing social skills, a concept that translates seamlessly into human interactions. Brenda emphasizes the importance of reciprocal play therapy interventions, which help build confidence in clients' ability to make and sustain eye contact.

By focusing on reciprocity, positive reinforcement, and tailored interventions, therapists can help clients build confidence and improve their social interactions. Whether working with children, teenagers, or adults, these strategies can be adapted to suit different needs and preferences, fostering better communication and connection in therapy sessions.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

May is Mental Health Awareness Month, for more information, please see: https://www.nami.org/

Dolphin Research Center

https://dolphins.org/

Marc Bekoff Animal Passions and Beastly Virtues: Reflections on Redecorating Nature (2006). Temple University Press, Philadelphia.

Bruce Perry, MD, PhD

https://www.bdperry.com/about

7. Unlocking the Importance of Eye Contact in Mental Health

Wed, 08 May 2024 07:00:00 -0400

Most of us would agree that eye contact is important. It's a fundamental aspect of communication, a silent language that conveys understanding, empathy, and connection. But how often do we truly think about its significance beyond the surface level?

In today’s episode Brenda shines a spotlight on the often underestimated yet crucial element of human interaction: eye contact. In therapy, the ability to make eye contact is often assessed at the initial session, yet it may not be revisited in subsequent sessions. However, eye contact remains a crucial element in building and maintaining therapeutic relationships. It's a nonverbal cue that can speak volumes, signaling trust, engagement, and rapport between therapist and client.

Brenda shares a personal experience that continues to resonate with her today that has led her down the path of uncovering the profound impact of eye contact in both therapy and interpersonal relationships.

Brenda brings an intriguing perspective by incorporating aspects of animal encounters into the discussion. There's something inherently profound that occurs when we lock eyes with another being—a mutual gaze. It's an experience that resonates deeply, reminding us of our shared natures and interconnectedness.

As mental health therapists, it's imperative that we recognize and harness the power of eye contact in our practices, by educating our patients about its significance and fostering opportunities for meaningful exchanges.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

May is Mental Health Awareness Month, for more information, please see: https://www.nami.org/

Rebecca Giggs, “Fathoms: The World in the Whale” quoted in “The Eye of the Whale” by Katarzyna Boni, 2023 Runner Up for Public Discourse Award, retrieved from

https://www.europeanpressprize.com/article/the-eye-of-the-whale/

Dr. Jane Goodall

https://janegoodall.org/

Jane Goodall. (1999). Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey.

Gary Karasik, “A Whale Watching” in the Los Angeles Times. August 10, 1986.

Jacque Lacan (2004). “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the I Function.” In B. Fink (Trans.), Écrits: A Selection (pp. 3-9). New York, NY: Norton. (Original work published 1949).

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation.

D.W. Winnicott’s idea of “good enough” in Playing and Reality. (1971, Penguin).

6. Navigating Life's Stages: Intervening with Projections Through Erikson's Developmental Model

Wed, 24 Apr 2024 07:00:00 -0400

In life we often find ourselves facing projections—visions of our future selves, our desires, fears, and aspirations. These projections can guide our actions and decisions, but they can also hinder our growth if left unexamined. Understanding and intervening with these projections is key to navigating the complexities of life's various stages.

In today’s episode, Brenda unpacks Erikson’s developmental model to decode projections and pave the path for intervention. Brenda's approach is grounded in Erik Erikson's seminal work on psychosocial development, which delineates eight stages spanning from infancy to late adulthood.

Today, our focus lies on three pivotal adult stages: Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

Throughout these stages, Brenda guides us in working with projections to cultivate awareness and agency in our lives. By pairing interventions with Erikson's developmental stages, we gain a deeper understanding of how our projections evolve over time and shape our experiences.

Brenda's approach encapsulates the essence of Erikson's developmental model: by understanding the intricacies of human growth and development, we can intervene effectively to foster personal evolution and empower clients to lead fulfilling lives.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development referenced in Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought by Mitchell & Black (1995)

Carol Gilligan’s idea of Contrapuntal Voices, explained in Gilligan C, Eddy J. Listening as a path to psychological discovery: an introduction to the Listening Guide. Perspect Med Educ. 2017 Apr;6(2):76-81. doi: 10.1007/s40037-017-0335-3.

D.W. Winnicott’s idea of “good enough” in Playing and Reality. (1971, Penguin).

5. Understanding Positive Projections: A Guide to Identifying and Addressing Them in Therapy for Adults

Wed, 10 Apr 2024 07:00:00 -0400

In today's episode, Brenda delves into the concept of projections. Projections, both positive and negative, play a significant role in our interactions, shaping our perceptions and relationships. Brenda guides listeners through the process of identifying positive projections, offering concrete examples and practical insights to integrate into your therapy practices.

Drawing from her own experiences, Brenda offers concrete examples and practical techniques to aid therapists in recognizing and addressing these projections effectively.

Brenda educates listeners through an imaginary conversation, demonstrating how to assess statements for signs of positive projection. She underscores the importance of reflective practice and active listening, encouraging therapists to narrate back to patients to deepen understanding.

By recognizing and understanding these projections, therapists not only deepen their empathy but also foster meaningful connections with their patients. Positive projections, though subtle, are powerful indicators of unconscious needs and desires. Through diligent observation and intervention, therapists can support their patients' development and facilitate transformative progress and growth.

Connect with Brenda with the link below:

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

4. Insights from Research: Exploring Human-Animal Behavior

Wed, 27 Mar 2024 07:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode, Brenda offers listeners a deeper insight into her research study, focusing on the behaviors she observed and scored, as well as the hypotheses she formulated and their unexpected outcomes. Listen in as she guides listeners through an overview of the behaviors and how she specifically chose them to be represented in her study.

Her study, inspired by the principles of the Strange Situation assessment, involved observing and scoring participants' behaviors across 15 different criteria during interactions with the therapy dog.

During the study, she meticulously noted the behaviors exhibited by participants during interactions with the therapy dog. These behaviors fell into distinct categories, including approach and retreat. While some participants showed warmth and affection through eye contact, touch, and smiles, others displayed signs of withdrawal or rumination.

Despite formulating three hypotheses regarding changes in attachment-related behaviors and correlations between assessments, the outcomes differed from her expectations. These disparities shed light on the limitations of the study, notably its small sample size and the constraints of employing different assessments.

This research study was a transformative experience for Brenda, not only in expanding her understanding of human-animal interactions but also in reshaping her perception of the world. As Brenda continues to delve deeper into the complexities of non-verbal communication and attachment theory, she is reminded of the profound healing power inherent in emotional connections with animals.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) & Devereux Student Strengths Assessment (DESSA)

https://www.devereux.org/

Strange Situation and the Adult Attachment Interview

https://mainattachment.org/

3. Exploring Attachment Theory: Understanding the Influence of Assessments and Human-Animal Connections

Wed, 13 Mar 2024 07:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode Brenda delves deeper into the setup of her study, shedding light on the profound influence of attachment theory and how it shaped her research. Join her as she uncovers the intricacies of two influential assessments in the field of attachment theory and explores their impact on her research study.

Brenda begins by discussing the renowned work of Mary Ainsworth, a pioneer in attachment theory. She highlights the relevance of such assessments in today's world, where children are often exposed to new environments and unfamiliar faces.

Drawing inspiration from attachment theory, Brenda explores the connection between humans and animals in her study. Can our attachment patterns extend to relationships with animals? By introducing a therapy dog as the "stranger" in her research setup, Brenda aims to observe participants' attachment patterns and emotional responses.

Brenda provides listeners with the background and design of her research study which was inspired by the principles of the Strange Situation assessment. Participants were exposed to interactions with a therapy dog, serving as the "stranger" in the scenario. Over the course of the study, Brenda observed and scored participants' behaviors, focusing on 15 predetermined criteria.

Brenda's study offers valuable insights into attachment theory and its applications in understanding human-animal connections. From the setup of sessions to the measurement of behaviors, Brenda provides a glimpse into the intricate details of her study.

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Strange Situation and the Adult Attachment Interview

https://mainattachment.org/

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

2. Animal Assisted Therapy: Overview of a Research Study and Its Fundamentals

Wed, 28 Feb 2024 08:00:00 -0400

In today’s episode Brenda provides listeners with an insightful overview of her research project. She introduces the comprehensive journey through her own research beginning with the foundational aspects and progressing through the details of attachment theory, animal-assisted therapy, and the biological framework of empathy.

Brenda provides listeners with the foundational aspects of her study, focusing on children aged 4-12 who had experienced domestic violence and abuse, honed in on participant behaviors. Through the lens of attachment, Brenda aimed to uncover the connection between humans and animals and its profound effects on emotional expression and empathy.

Drawing on the polyvagal theory and neuroplasticity, Brenda examines the biological basis of empathy, emphasizing the potential for empathic exchange between species, specifically dogs. Through the careful design of a four-session protocol, Brenda’s study seeks to uncover not only the immediate impacts of animal-assisted therapy but also the patterns in the relationships formed.

In this introduction to a series of episodes Brenda shares how her journey in research reveals the complex relationship between theory, methodology, and real-world applications. It emphasizes how empathic connections play a crucial role in therapeutic interventions, showing their profound impact on individuals' well-being and healing processes.

Connect with Brenda with the link below

www.connectiontherapypodcast.com

References Mentioned in this Episode:

Ages 4-12

Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch. (2002) The Handbook of Research and Practice for the Humanistic Psychotherapies.

Lou Cozolino. (2017). The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology).

Nancy McWilliams. (2020). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process.

Stephen Porges (2011). Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation.

1. Introduction to Projections

Fri, 01 Sep 2023 22:31:00 -0400

This is part of a series of episodes about the psychological phenomena of projection. The series features multiple episodes on projections, including an episode that introduces the topic of projections, a research episode that explores what has been found with regard to projections, and what we still need to learn, and then there are episodes with the goal of assisting therapists who may want to help their clients work with projections in therapy to encourage development, and those are further categorized depending on if you are supporting adults or children. This episode is focused on supporting adult clients who are expressing positive projections. While some episodes may be from a particular perspective, in this case from the perspective of a mental health therapist, all of our episodes are intended for anyone interested in the topic, and I am glad you have joined us.